@chapter Filtering Introduction
@c man begin FILTERING INTRODUCTION

Filtering in FFmpeg is enabled through the libavfilter library.

In libavfilter, a filter can have multiple inputs and multiple
outputs.
To illustrate the sorts of things that are possible, we consider the
following filtergraph.

@example
                [main]
input --> split ---------------------> overlay --> output
            |                             ^
            |[tmp]                  [flip]|
            +-----> crop --> vflip -------+
@end example

This filtergraph splits the input stream in two streams, sends one
stream through the crop filter and the vflip filter before merging it
back with the other stream by overlaying it on top. You can use the
following command to achieve this:

@example
ffmpeg -i INPUT -vf "split [main][tmp]; [tmp] crop=iw:ih/2:0:0, vflip [flip]; [main][flip] overlay=0:H/2" OUTPUT
@end example

The result will be that in output the top half of the video is mirrored
onto the bottom half.

Filters in the same linear chain are separated by commas, and distinct
linear chains of filters are separated by semicolons. In our example,
@var{crop,vflip} are in one linear chain, @var{split} and
@var{overlay} are separately in another. The points where the linear
chains join are labelled by names enclosed in square brackets. In the
example, the split filter generates two outputs that are associated to
the labels @var{[main]} and @var{[tmp]}.

The stream sent to the second output of @var{split}, labelled as
@var{[tmp]}, is processed through the @var{crop} filter, which crops
away the lower half part of the video, and then vertically flipped. The
@var{overlay} filter takes in input the first unchanged output of the
split filter (which was labelled as @var{[main]}), and overlay on its
lower half the output generated by the @var{crop,vflip} filterchain.

Some filters take in input a list of parameters: they are specified
after the filter name and an equal sign, and are separated from each other
by a colon.

There exist so-called @var{source filters} that do not have an
audio/video input, and @var{sink filters} that will not have audio/video
output.

@c man end FILTERING INTRODUCTION

@chapter graph2dot
@c man begin GRAPH2DOT

The @file{graph2dot} program included in the FFmpeg @file{tools}
directory can be used to parse a filtergraph description and issue a
corresponding textual representation in the dot language.

Invoke the command:
@example
graph2dot -h
@end example

to see how to use @file{graph2dot}.

You can then pass the dot description to the @file{dot} program (from
the graphviz suite of programs) and obtain a graphical representation
of the filtergraph.

For example the sequence of commands:
@example
echo @var{GRAPH_DESCRIPTION} | \
tools/graph2dot -o graph.tmp && \
dot -Tpng graph.tmp -o graph.png && \
display graph.png
@end example

can be used to create and display an image representing the graph
described by the @var{GRAPH_DESCRIPTION} string. Note that this string must be
a complete self-contained graph, with its inputs and outputs explicitly defined.
For example if your command line is of the form:
@example
ffmpeg -i infile -vf scale=640:360 outfile
@end example
your @var{GRAPH_DESCRIPTION} string will need to be of the form:
@example
nullsrc,scale=640:360,nullsink
@end example
you may also need to set the @var{nullsrc} parameters and add a @var{format}
filter in order to simulate a specific input file.

@c man end GRAPH2DOT

@chapter Filtergraph description
@c man begin FILTERGRAPH DESCRIPTION

A filtergraph is a directed graph of connected filters. It can contain
cycles, and there can be multiple links between a pair of
filters. Each link has one input pad on one side connecting it to one
filter from which it takes its input, and one output pad on the other
side connecting it to the one filter accepting its output.

Each filter in a filtergraph is an instance of a filter class
registered in the application, which defines the features and the
number of input and output pads of the filter.

A filter with no input pads is called a "source", a filter with no
output pads is called a "sink".

@anchor{Filtergraph syntax}
@section Filtergraph syntax

A filtergraph can be represented using a textual representation, which is
recognized by the @option{-filter}/@option{-vf} and @option{-filter_complex}
options in @command{ffmpeg} and @option{-vf} in @command{ffplay}, and by the
@code{avfilter_graph_parse()}/@code{avfilter_graph_parse2()} function defined in
@file{libavfilter/avfilter.h}.

A filterchain consists of a sequence of connected filters, each one
connected to the previous one in the sequence. A filterchain is
represented by a list of ","-separated filter descriptions.

A filtergraph consists of a sequence of filterchains. A sequence of
filterchains is represented by a list of ";"-separated filterchain
descriptions.

A filter is represented by a string of the form:
[@var{in_link_1}]...[@var{in_link_N}]@var{filter_name}=@var{arguments}[@var{out_link_1}]...[@var{out_link_M}]

@var{filter_name} is the name of the filter class of which the
described filter is an instance of, and has to be the name of one of
the filter classes registered in the program.
The name of the filter class is optionally followed by a string
"=@var{arguments}".

@var{arguments} is a string which contains the parameters used to
initialize the filter instance. It may have one of the following forms:
@itemize

@item
A ':'-separated list of @var{key=value} pairs.

@item
A ':'-separated list of @var{value}. In this case, the keys are assumed to be
the option names in the order they are declared. E.g. the @code{fade} filter
declares three options in this order -- @option{type}, @option{start_frame} and
@option{nb_frames}. Then the parameter list @var{in:0:30} means that the value
@var{in} is assigned to the option @option{type}, @var{0} to
@option{start_frame} and @var{30} to @option{nb_frames}.

@item
A ':'-separated list of mixed direct @var{value} and long @var{key=value}
pairs. The direct @var{value} must precede the @var{key=value} pairs, and
follow the same constraints order of the previous point. The following
@var{key=value} pairs can be set in any preferred order.

@end itemize

If the option value itself is a list of items (e.g. the @code{format} filter
takes a list of pixel formats), the items in the list are usually separated by
'|'.

The list of arguments can be quoted using the character "'" as initial
and ending mark, and the character '\' for escaping the characters
within the quoted text; otherwise the argument string is considered
terminated when the next special character (belonging to the set
"[]=;,") is encountered.

The name and arguments of the filter are optionally preceded and
followed by a list of link labels.
A link label allows to name a link and associate it to a filter output
or input pad. The preceding labels @var{in_link_1}
... @var{in_link_N}, are associated to the filter input pads,
the following labels @var{out_link_1} ... @var{out_link_M}, are
associated to the output pads.

When two link labels with the same name are found in the
filtergraph, a link between the corresponding input and output pad is
created.

If an output pad is not labelled, it is linked by default to the first
unlabelled input pad of the next filter in the filterchain.
For example in the filterchain:
@example
nullsrc, split[L1], [L2]overlay, nullsink
@end example
the split filter instance has two output pads, and the overlay filter
instance two input pads. The first output pad of split is labelled
"L1", the first input pad of overlay is labelled "L2", and the second
output pad of split is linked to the second input pad of overlay,
which are both unlabelled.

In a complete filterchain all the unlabelled filter input and output
pads must be connected. A filtergraph is considered valid if all the
filter input and output pads of all the filterchains are connected.

Libavfilter will automatically insert scale filters where format
conversion is required. It is possible to specify swscale flags
for those automatically inserted scalers by prepending
@code{sws_flags=@var{flags};}
to the filtergraph description.

Follows a BNF description for the filtergraph syntax:
@example
@var{NAME}             ::= sequence of alphanumeric characters and '_'
@var{LINKLABEL}        ::= "[" @var{NAME} "]"
@var{LINKLABELS}       ::= @var{LINKLABEL} [@var{LINKLABELS}]
@var{FILTER_ARGUMENTS} ::= sequence of chars (eventually quoted)
@var{FILTER}           ::= [@var{LINKLABELS}] @var{NAME} ["=" @var{FILTER_ARGUMENTS}] [@var{LINKLABELS}]
@var{FILTERCHAIN}      ::= @var{FILTER} [,@var{FILTERCHAIN}]
@var{FILTERGRAPH}      ::= [sws_flags=@var{flags};] @var{FILTERCHAIN} [;@var{FILTERGRAPH}]
@end example

@section Notes on filtergraph escaping

Some filter arguments require the use of special characters, typically
@code{:} to separate key=value pairs in a named options list. In this
case the user should perform a first level escaping when specifying
the filter arguments. For example, consider the following literal
string to be embedded in the @ref{drawtext} filter arguments:
@example
this is a 'string': may contain one, or more, special characters
@end example

Since @code{:} is special for the filter arguments syntax, it needs to
be escaped, so you get:
@example
text=this is a \'string\'\: may contain one, or more, special characters
@end example

A second level of escaping is required when embedding the filter
arguments in a filtergraph description, in order to escape all the
filtergraph special characters. Thus the example above becomes:
@example
drawtext=text=this is a \\\'string\\\'\\: may contain one\, or more\, special characters
@end example

Finally an additional level of escaping may be needed when writing the
filtergraph description in a shell command, which depends on the
escaping rules of the adopted shell. For example, assuming that
@code{\} is special and needs to be escaped with another @code{\}, the
previous string will finally result in:
@example
-vf "drawtext=text=this is a \\\\\\'string\\\\\\'\\\\: may contain one\\, or more\\, special characters"
@end example

Sometimes, it might be more convenient to employ quoting in place of
escaping. For example the string:
@example
Caesar: tu quoque, Brute, fili mi
@end example

Can be quoted in the filter arguments as:
@example
text='Caesar: tu quoque, Brute, fili mi'
@end example

And finally inserted in a filtergraph like:
@example
drawtext=text=\'Caesar: tu quoque\, Brute\, fili mi\'
@end example

See the ``Quoting and escaping'' section in the ffmpeg-utils manual
for more information about the escaping and quoting rules adopted by
FFmpeg.

@chapter Timeline editing

Some filters support a generic @option{enable} option. For the filters
supporting timeline editing, this option can be set to an expression which is
evaluated before sending a frame to the filter. If the evaluation is non-zero,
the filter will be enabled, otherwise the frame will be sent unchanged to the
next filter in the filtergraph.

The expression accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item t
timestamp expressed in seconds, NAN if the input timestamp is unknown

@item n
sequential number of the input frame, starting from 0

@item pos
the position in the file of the input frame, NAN if unknown
@end table

Additionally, these filters support an @option{enable} command that can be used
to re-define the expression.

Like any other filtering option, the @option{enable} option follows the same
rules.

For example, to enable a blur filter (@ref{smartblur}) from 10 seconds to 3
minutes, and a @ref{curves} filter starting at 3 seconds:
@example
smartblur = enable='between(t,10,3*60)',
curves    = enable='gte(t,3)' : preset=cross_process
@end example

@c man end FILTERGRAPH DESCRIPTION

@chapter Audio Filters
@c man begin AUDIO FILTERS

When you configure your FFmpeg build, you can disable any of the
existing filters using @code{--disable-filters}.
The configure output will show the audio filters included in your
build.

Below is a description of the currently available audio filters.

@section aconvert

Convert the input audio format to the specified formats.

@emph{This filter is deprecated. Use @ref{aformat} instead.}

The filter accepts a string of the form:
"@var{sample_format}:@var{channel_layout}".

@var{sample_format} specifies the sample format, and can be a string or the
corresponding numeric value defined in @file{libavutil/samplefmt.h}. Use 'p'
suffix for a planar sample format.

@var{channel_layout} specifies the channel layout, and can be a string
or the corresponding number value defined in @file{libavutil/channel_layout.h}.

The special parameter "auto", signifies that the filter will
automatically select the output format depending on the output filter.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Convert input to float, planar, stereo:
@example
aconvert=fltp:stereo
@end example

@item
Convert input to unsigned 8-bit, automatically select out channel layout:
@example
aconvert=u8:auto
@end example
@end itemize

@section adelay

Delay one or more audio channels.

Samples in delayed channel are filled with silence.

The filter accepts the following option:

@table @option
@item delays
Set list of delays in milliseconds for each channel separated by '|'.
At least one delay greater than 0 should be provided.
Unused delays will be silently ignored. If number of given delays is
smaller than number of channels all remaining channels will not be delayed.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Delay first channel by 1.5 seconds, the third channel by 0.5 seconds and leave
the second channel (and any other channels that may be present) unchanged.
@example
adelay=1500:0:500
@end example
@end itemize

@section aecho

Apply echoing to the input audio.

Echoes are reflected sound and can occur naturally amongst mountains
(and sometimes large buildings) when talking or shouting; digital echo
effects emulate this behaviour and are often used to help fill out the
sound of a single instrument or vocal. The time difference between the
original signal and the reflection is the @code{delay}, and the
loudness of the reflected signal is the @code{decay}.
Multiple echoes can have different delays and decays.

A description of the accepted parameters follows.

@table @option
@item in_gain
Set input gain of reflected signal. Default is @code{0.6}.

@item out_gain
Set output gain of reflected signal. Default is @code{0.3}.

@item delays
Set list of time intervals in milliseconds between original signal and reflections
separated by '|'. Allowed range for each @code{delay} is @code{(0 - 90000.0]}.
Default is @code{1000}.

@item decays
Set list of loudnesses of reflected signals separated by '|'.
Allowed range for each @code{decay} is @code{(0 - 1.0]}.
Default is @code{0.5}.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Make it sound as if there are twice as many instruments as are actually playing:
@example
aecho=0.8:0.88:60:0.4
@end example

@item
If delay is very short, then it sound like a (metallic) robot playing music:
@example
aecho=0.8:0.88:6:0.4
@end example

@item
A longer delay will sound like an open air concert in the mountains:
@example
aecho=0.8:0.9:1000:0.3
@end example

@item
Same as above but with one more mountain:
@example
aecho=0.8:0.9:1000|1800:0.3|0.25
@end example
@end itemize

@section afade

Apply fade-in/out effect to input audio.

A description of the accepted parameters follows.

@table @option
@item type, t
Specify the effect type, can be either @code{in} for fade-in, or
@code{out} for a fade-out effect. Default is @code{in}.

@item start_sample, ss
Specify the number of the start sample for starting to apply the fade
effect. Default is 0.

@item nb_samples, ns
Specify the number of samples for which the fade effect has to last. At
the end of the fade-in effect the output audio will have the same
volume as the input audio, at the end of the fade-out transition
the output audio will be silence. Default is 44100.

@item start_time, st
Specify time for starting to apply the fade effect. Default is 0.
The accepted syntax is:
@example
[-]HH[:MM[:SS[.m...]]]
[-]S+[.m...]
@end example
See also the function @code{av_parse_time()}.
If set this option is used instead of @var{start_sample} one.

@item duration, d
Specify the duration for which the fade effect has to last. Default is 0.
The accepted syntax is:
@example
[-]HH[:MM[:SS[.m...]]]
[-]S+[.m...]
@end example
See also the function @code{av_parse_time()}.
At the end of the fade-in effect the output audio will have the same
volume as the input audio, at the end of the fade-out transition
the output audio will be silence.
If set this option is used instead of @var{nb_samples} one.

@item curve
Set curve for fade transition.

It accepts the following values:
@table @option
@item tri
select triangular, linear slope (default)
@item qsin
select quarter of sine wave
@item hsin
select half of sine wave
@item esin
select exponential sine wave
@item log
select logarithmic
@item par
select inverted parabola
@item qua
select quadratic
@item cub
select cubic
@item squ
select square root
@item cbr
select cubic root
@end table
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Fade in first 15 seconds of audio:
@example
afade=t=in:ss=0:d=15
@end example

@item
Fade out last 25 seconds of a 900 seconds audio:
@example
afade=t=out:st=875:d=25
@end example
@end itemize

@anchor{aformat}
@section aformat

Set output format constraints for the input audio. The framework will
negotiate the most appropriate format to minimize conversions.

The filter accepts the following named parameters:
@table @option

@item sample_fmts
A '|'-separated list of requested sample formats.

@item sample_rates
A '|'-separated list of requested sample rates.

@item channel_layouts
A '|'-separated list of requested channel layouts.

See @ref{channel layout syntax,,the Channel Layout section in the ffmpeg-utils(1) manual,ffmpeg-utils}
for the required syntax.
@end table

If a parameter is omitted, all values are allowed.

For example to force the output to either unsigned 8-bit or signed 16-bit stereo:
@example
aformat=sample_fmts=u8|s16:channel_layouts=stereo
@end example

@section allpass

Apply a two-pole all-pass filter with central frequency (in Hz)
@var{frequency}, and filter-width @var{width}.
An all-pass filter changes the audio's frequency to phase relationship
without changing its frequency to amplitude relationship.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item frequency, f
Set frequency in Hz.

@item width_type
Set method to specify band-width of filter.
@table @option
@item h
Hz
@item q
Q-Factor
@item o
octave
@item s
slope
@end table

@item width, w
Specify the band-width of a filter in width_type units.
@end table

@section amerge

Merge two or more audio streams into a single multi-channel stream.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item inputs
Set the number of inputs. Default is 2.

@end table

If the channel layouts of the inputs are disjoint, and therefore compatible,
the channel layout of the output will be set accordingly and the channels
will be reordered as necessary. If the channel layouts of the inputs are not
disjoint, the output will have all the channels of the first input then all
the channels of the second input, in that order, and the channel layout of
the output will be the default value corresponding to the total number of
channels.

For example, if the first input is in 2.1 (FL+FR+LF) and the second input
is FC+BL+BR, then the output will be in 5.1, with the channels in the
following order: a1, a2, b1, a3, b2, b3 (a1 is the first channel of the
first input, b1 is the first channel of the second input).

On the other hand, if both input are in stereo, the output channels will be
in the default order: a1, a2, b1, b2, and the channel layout will be
arbitrarily set to 4.0, which may or may not be the expected value.

All inputs must have the same sample rate, and format.

If inputs do not have the same duration, the output will stop with the
shortest.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Merge two mono files into a stereo stream:
@example
amovie=left.wav [l] ; amovie=right.mp3 [r] ; [l] [r] amerge
@end example

@item
Multiple merges assuming 1 video stream and 6 audio streams in @file{input.mkv}:
@example
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -filter_complex "[0:1][0:2][0:3][0:4][0:5][0:6] amerge=inputs=6" -c:a pcm_s16le output.mkv
@end example
@end itemize

@section amix

Mixes multiple audio inputs into a single output.

For example
@example
ffmpeg -i INPUT1 -i INPUT2 -i INPUT3 -filter_complex amix=inputs=3:duration=first:dropout_transition=3 OUTPUT
@end example
will mix 3 input audio streams to a single output with the same duration as the
first input and a dropout transition time of 3 seconds.

The filter accepts the following named parameters:
@table @option

@item inputs
Number of inputs. If unspecified, it defaults to 2.

@item duration
How to determine the end-of-stream.
@table @option

@item longest
Duration of longest input. (default)

@item shortest
Duration of shortest input.

@item first
Duration of first input.

@end table

@item dropout_transition
Transition time, in seconds, for volume renormalization when an input
stream ends. The default value is 2 seconds.

@end table

@section anull

Pass the audio source unchanged to the output.

@section apad

Pad the end of a audio stream with silence, this can be used together with
-shortest to extend audio streams to the same length as the video stream.

@section aphaser
Add a phasing effect to the input audio.

A phaser filter creates series of peaks and troughs in the frequency spectrum.
The position of the peaks and troughs are modulated so that they vary over time, creating a sweeping effect.

A description of the accepted parameters follows.

@table @option
@item in_gain
Set input gain. Default is 0.4.

@item out_gain
Set output gain. Default is 0.74

@item delay
Set delay in milliseconds. Default is 3.0.

@item decay
Set decay. Default is 0.4.

@item speed
Set modulation speed in Hz. Default is 0.5.

@item type
Set modulation type. Default is triangular.

It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item triangular, t
@item sinusoidal, s
@end table
@end table

@anchor{aresample}
@section aresample

Resample the input audio to the specified parameters, using the
libswresample library. If none are specified then the filter will
automatically convert between its input and output.

This filter is also able to stretch/squeeze the audio data to make it match
the timestamps or to inject silence / cut out audio to make it match the
timestamps, do a combination of both or do neither.

The filter accepts the syntax
[@var{sample_rate}:]@var{resampler_options}, where @var{sample_rate}
expresses a sample rate and @var{resampler_options} is a list of
@var{key}=@var{value} pairs, separated by ":". See the
ffmpeg-resampler manual for the complete list of supported options.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Resample the input audio to 44100Hz:
@example
aresample=44100
@end example

@item
Stretch/squeeze samples to the given timestamps, with a maximum of 1000
samples per second compensation:
@example
aresample=async=1000
@end example
@end itemize

@section asetnsamples

Set the number of samples per each output audio frame.

The last output packet may contain a different number of samples, as
the filter will flush all the remaining samples when the input audio
signal its end.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item nb_out_samples, n
Set the number of frames per each output audio frame. The number is
intended as the number of samples @emph{per each channel}.
Default value is 1024.

@item pad, p
If set to 1, the filter will pad the last audio frame with zeroes, so
that the last frame will contain the same number of samples as the
previous ones. Default value is 1.
@end table

For example, to set the number of per-frame samples to 1234 and
disable padding for the last frame, use:
@example
asetnsamples=n=1234:p=0
@end example

@section asetrate

Set the sample rate without altering the PCM data.
This will result in a change of speed and pitch.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item sample_rate, r
Set the output sample rate. Default is 44100 Hz.
@end table

@section ashowinfo

Show a line containing various information for each input audio frame.
The input audio is not modified.

The shown line contains a sequence of key/value pairs of the form
@var{key}:@var{value}.

A description of each shown parameter follows:

@table @option
@item n
sequential number of the input frame, starting from 0

@item pts
Presentation timestamp of the input frame, in time base units; the time base
depends on the filter input pad, and is usually 1/@var{sample_rate}.

@item pts_time
presentation timestamp of the input frame in seconds

@item pos
position of the frame in the input stream, -1 if this information in
unavailable and/or meaningless (for example in case of synthetic audio)

@item fmt
sample format

@item chlayout
channel layout

@item rate
sample rate for the audio frame

@item nb_samples
number of samples (per channel) in the frame

@item checksum
Adler-32 checksum (printed in hexadecimal) of the audio data. For planar audio
the data is treated as if all the planes were concatenated.

@item plane_checksums
A list of Adler-32 checksums for each data plane.
@end table

@section astats

Display time domain statistical information about the audio channels.
Statistics are calculated and displayed for each audio channel and,
where applicable, an overall figure is also given.

The filter accepts the following option:
@table @option
@item length
Short window length in seconds, used for peak and trough RMS measurement.
Default is @code{0.05} (50 miliseconds). Allowed range is @code{[0.1 - 10]}.
@end table

A description of each shown parameter follows:

@table @option
@item DC offset
Mean amplitude displacement from zero.

@item Min level
Minimal sample level.

@item Max level
Maximal sample level.

@item Peak level dB
@item RMS level dB
Standard peak and RMS level measured in dBFS.

@item RMS peak dB
@item RMS trough dB
Peak and trough values for RMS level measured over a short window.

@item Crest factor
Standard ratio of peak to RMS level (note: not in dB).

@item Flat factor
Flatness (i.e. consecutive samples with the same value) of the signal at its peak levels
(i.e. either @var{Min level} or @var{Max level}).

@item Peak count
Number of occasions (not the number of samples) that the signal attained either
@var{Min level} or @var{Max level}.
@end table

@section astreamsync

Forward two audio streams and control the order the buffers are forwarded.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item expr, e
Set the expression deciding which stream should be
forwarded next: if the result is negative, the first stream is forwarded; if
the result is positive or zero, the second stream is forwarded. It can use
the following variables:

@table @var
@item b1 b2
number of buffers forwarded so far on each stream
@item s1 s2
number of samples forwarded so far on each stream
@item t1 t2
current timestamp of each stream
@end table

The default value is @code{t1-t2}, which means to always forward the stream
that has a smaller timestamp.
@end table

@subsection Examples

Stress-test @code{amerge} by randomly sending buffers on the wrong
input, while avoiding too much of a desynchronization:
@example
amovie=file.ogg [a] ; amovie=file.mp3 [b] ;
[a] [b] astreamsync=(2*random(1))-1+tanh(5*(t1-t2)) [a2] [b2] ;
[a2] [b2] amerge
@end example

@section asyncts

Synchronize audio data with timestamps by squeezing/stretching it and/or
dropping samples/adding silence when needed.

This filter is not built by default, please use @ref{aresample} to do squeezing/stretching.

The filter accepts the following named parameters:
@table @option

@item compensate
Enable stretching/squeezing the data to make it match the timestamps. Disabled
by default. When disabled, time gaps are covered with silence.

@item min_delta
Minimum difference between timestamps and audio data (in seconds) to trigger
adding/dropping samples. Default value is 0.1. If you get non-perfect sync with
this filter, try setting this parameter to 0.

@item max_comp
Maximum compensation in samples per second. Relevant only with compensate=1.
Default value 500.

@item first_pts
Assume the first pts should be this value. The time base is 1 / sample rate.
This allows for padding/trimming at the start of stream. By default, no
assumption is made about the first frame's expected pts, so no padding or
trimming is done. For example, this could be set to 0 to pad the beginning with
silence if an audio stream starts after the video stream or to trim any samples
with a negative pts due to encoder delay.

@end table

@section atempo

Adjust audio tempo.

The filter accepts exactly one parameter, the audio tempo. If not
specified then the filter will assume nominal 1.0 tempo. Tempo must
be in the [0.5, 2.0] range.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Slow down audio to 80% tempo:
@example
atempo=0.8
@end example

@item
To speed up audio to 125% tempo:
@example
atempo=1.25
@end example
@end itemize

@section atrim

Trim the input so that the output contains one continuous subpart of the input.

This filter accepts the following options:
@table @option
@item start
Specify time of the start of the kept section, i.e. the audio sample
with the timestamp @var{start} will be the first sample in the output.

@item end
Specify time of the first audio sample that will be dropped, i.e. the
audio sample immediately preceding the one with the timestamp @var{end} will be
the last sample in the output.

@item start_pts
Same as @var{start}, except this option sets the start timestamp in samples
instead of seconds.

@item end_pts
Same as @var{end}, except this option sets the end timestamp in samples instead
of seconds.

@item duration
Specify maximum duration of the output.

@item start_sample
Number of the first sample that should be passed to output.

@item end_sample
Number of the first sample that should be dropped.
@end table

@option{start}, @option{end}, @option{duration} are expressed as time
duration specifications, check the "Time duration" section in the
ffmpeg-utils manual.

Note that the first two sets of the start/end options and the @option{duration}
option look at the frame timestamp, while the _sample options simply count the
samples that pass through the filter. So start/end_pts and start/end_sample will
give different results when the timestamps are wrong, inexact or do not start at
zero. Also note that this filter does not modify the timestamps. If you wish
that the output timestamps start at zero, insert the asetpts filter after the
atrim filter.

If multiple start or end options are set, this filter tries to be greedy and
keep all samples that match at least one of the specified constraints. To keep
only the part that matches all the constraints at once, chain multiple atrim
filters.

The defaults are such that all the input is kept. So it is possible to set e.g.
just the end values to keep everything before the specified time.

Examples:
@itemize
@item
drop everything except the second minute of input
@example
ffmpeg -i INPUT -af atrim=60:120
@end example

@item
keep only the first 1000 samples
@example
ffmpeg -i INPUT -af atrim=end_sample=1000
@end example

@end itemize

@section bandpass

Apply a two-pole Butterworth band-pass filter with central
frequency @var{frequency}, and (3dB-point) band-width width.
The @var{csg} option selects a constant skirt gain (peak gain = Q)
instead of the default: constant 0dB peak gain.
The filter roll off at 6dB per octave (20dB per decade).

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item frequency, f
Set the filter's central frequency. Default is @code{3000}.

@item csg
Constant skirt gain if set to 1. Defaults to 0.

@item width_type
Set method to specify band-width of filter.
@table @option
@item h
Hz
@item q
Q-Factor
@item o
octave
@item s
slope
@end table

@item width, w
Specify the band-width of a filter in width_type units.
@end table

@section bandreject

Apply a two-pole Butterworth band-reject filter with central
frequency @var{frequency}, and (3dB-point) band-width @var{width}.
The filter roll off at 6dB per octave (20dB per decade).

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item frequency, f
Set the filter's central frequency. Default is @code{3000}.

@item width_type
Set method to specify band-width of filter.
@table @option
@item h
Hz
@item q
Q-Factor
@item o
octave
@item s
slope
@end table

@item width, w
Specify the band-width of a filter in width_type units.
@end table

@section bass

Boost or cut the bass (lower) frequencies of the audio using a two-pole
shelving filter with a response similar to that of a standard
hi-fi's tone-controls. This is also known as shelving equalisation (EQ).

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item gain, g
Give the gain at 0 Hz. Its useful range is about -20
(for a large cut) to +20 (for a large boost).
Beware of clipping when using a positive gain.

@item frequency, f
Set the filter's central frequency and so can be used
to extend or reduce the frequency range to be boosted or cut.
The default value is @code{100} Hz.

@item width_type
Set method to specify band-width of filter.
@table @option
@item h
Hz
@item q
Q-Factor
@item o
octave
@item s
slope
@end table

@item width, w
Determine how steep is the filter's shelf transition.
@end table

@section biquad

Apply a biquad IIR filter with the given coefficients.
Where @var{b0}, @var{b1}, @var{b2} and @var{a0}, @var{a1}, @var{a2}
are the numerator and denominator coefficients respectively.

@section channelmap

Remap input channels to new locations.

This filter accepts the following named parameters:
@table @option
@item channel_layout
Channel layout of the output stream.

@item map
Map channels from input to output. The argument is a '|'-separated list of
mappings, each in the @code{@var{in_channel}-@var{out_channel}} or
@var{in_channel} form. @var{in_channel} can be either the name of the input
channel (e.g. FL for front left) or its index in the input channel layout.
@var{out_channel} is the name of the output channel or its index in the output
channel layout. If @var{out_channel} is not given then it is implicitly an
index, starting with zero and increasing by one for each mapping.
@end table

If no mapping is present, the filter will implicitly map input channels to
output channels preserving index.

For example, assuming a 5.1+downmix input MOV file
@example
ffmpeg -i in.mov -filter 'channelmap=map=DL-FL|DR-FR' out.wav
@end example
will create an output WAV file tagged as stereo from the downmix channels of
the input.

To fix a 5.1 WAV improperly encoded in AAC's native channel order
@example
ffmpeg -i in.wav -filter 'channelmap=1|2|0|5|3|4:channel_layout=5.1' out.wav
@end example

@section channelsplit

Split each channel in input audio stream into a separate output stream.

This filter accepts the following named parameters:
@table @option
@item channel_layout
Channel layout of the input stream. Default is "stereo".
@end table

For example, assuming a stereo input MP3 file
@example
ffmpeg -i in.mp3 -filter_complex channelsplit out.mkv
@end example
will create an output Matroska file with two audio streams, one containing only
the left channel and the other the right channel.

To split a 5.1 WAV file into per-channel files
@example
ffmpeg -i in.wav -filter_complex
'channelsplit=channel_layout=5.1[FL][FR][FC][LFE][SL][SR]'
-map '[FL]' front_left.wav -map '[FR]' front_right.wav -map '[FC]'
front_center.wav -map '[LFE]' lfe.wav -map '[SL]' side_left.wav -map '[SR]'
side_right.wav
@end example

@section compand

Compress or expand audio dynamic range.

A description of the accepted options follows.

@table @option
@item attacks
@item decays
Set list of times in seconds for each channel over which the instantaneous
level of the input signal is averaged to determine its volume.
@option{attacks} refers to increase of volume and @option{decays} refers
to decrease of volume.
For most situations, the attack time (response to the audio getting louder)
should be shorter than the decay time because the human ear is more sensitive
to sudden loud audio than sudden soft audio.
Typical value for attack is @code{0.3} seconds and for decay @code{0.8}
seconds.

@item points
Set list of points for transfer function, specified in dB relative to maximum
possible signal amplitude.
Each key points list need to be defined using the following syntax:
@code{x0/y0 x1/y1 x2/y2 ...}.

The input values must be in strictly increasing order but the transfer
function does not have to be monotonically rising.
The point @code{0/0} is assumed but may be overridden (by @code{0/out-dBn}).
Typical values for the transfer function are @code{-70/-70 -60/-20}.

@item soft-knee
Set amount for which the points at where adjacent line segments on the
transfer function meet will be rounded. Defaults is @code{0.01}.

@item gain
Set additional gain in dB to be applied at all points on the transfer function
and allows easy adjustment of the overall gain.
Default is @code{0}.

@item volume
Set initial volume in dB to be assumed for each channel when filtering starts.
This permits the user to supply a nominal level initially, so that,
for example, a very large gain is not applied to initial signal levels before
the companding has begun to operate. A typical value for audio which is
initially quiet is -90 dB. Default is @code{0}.

@item delay
Set delay in seconds. Default is @code{0}. The input audio
is analysed immediately, but audio is delayed before being fed to the
volume adjuster. Specifying a delay approximately equal to the attack/decay
times allows the filter to effectively operate in predictive rather than
reactive mode.
@end table

@subsection Examples
@itemize
@item
Make music with both quiet and loud passages suitable for listening
in a noisy environment:
@example
compand=.3 .3:1 1:-90/-60 -60/-40 -40/-30 -20/-20:6:0:-90:0.2
@end example

@item
Noise-gate for when the noise is at a lower level than the signal:
@example
compand=.1 .1:.2 .2:-900/-900 -50.1/-900 -50/-50:.01:0:-90:.1
@end example

@item
Here is another noise-gate, this time for when the noise is at a higher level
than the signal (making it, in some ways, similar to squelch):
@example
compand=.1 .1:.1 .1:-45.1/-45.1 -45/-900 0/-900:.01:45:-90:.1
@end example
@end itemize

@section earwax

Make audio easier to listen to on headphones.

This filter adds `cues' to 44.1kHz stereo (i.e. audio CD format) audio
so that when listened to on headphones the stereo image is moved from
inside your head (standard for headphones) to outside and in front of
the listener (standard for speakers).

Ported from SoX.

@section equalizer

Apply a two-pole peaking equalisation (EQ) filter. With this
filter, the signal-level at and around a selected frequency can
be increased or decreased, whilst (unlike bandpass and bandreject
filters) that at all other frequencies is unchanged.

In order to produce complex equalisation curves, this filter can
be given several times, each with a different central frequency.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item frequency, f
Set the filter's central frequency in Hz.

@item width_type
Set method to specify band-width of filter.
@table @option
@item h
Hz
@item q
Q-Factor
@item o
octave
@item s
slope
@end table

@item width, w
Specify the band-width of a filter in width_type units.

@item gain, g
Set the required gain or attenuation in dB.
Beware of clipping when using a positive gain.
@end table

@section highpass

Apply a high-pass filter with 3dB point frequency.
The filter can be either single-pole, or double-pole (the default).
The filter roll off at 6dB per pole per octave (20dB per pole per decade).

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item frequency, f
Set frequency in Hz. Default is 3000.

@item poles, p
Set number of poles. Default is 2.

@item width_type
Set method to specify band-width of filter.
@table @option
@item h
Hz
@item q
Q-Factor
@item o
octave
@item s
slope
@end table

@item width, w
Specify the band-width of a filter in width_type units.
Applies only to double-pole filter.
The default is 0.707q and gives a Butterworth response.
@end table

@section join

Join multiple input streams into one multi-channel stream.

The filter accepts the following named parameters:
@table @option

@item inputs
Number of input streams. Defaults to 2.

@item channel_layout
Desired output channel layout. Defaults to stereo.

@item map
Map channels from inputs to output. The argument is a '|'-separated list of
mappings, each in the @code{@var{input_idx}.@var{in_channel}-@var{out_channel}}
form. @var{input_idx} is the 0-based index of the input stream. @var{in_channel}
can be either the name of the input channel (e.g. FL for front left) or its
index in the specified input stream. @var{out_channel} is the name of the output
channel.
@end table

The filter will attempt to guess the mappings when those are not specified
explicitly. It does so by first trying to find an unused matching input channel
and if that fails it picks the first unused input channel.

E.g. to join 3 inputs (with properly set channel layouts)
@example
ffmpeg -i INPUT1 -i INPUT2 -i INPUT3 -filter_complex join=inputs=3 OUTPUT
@end example

To build a 5.1 output from 6 single-channel streams:
@example
ffmpeg -i fl -i fr -i fc -i sl -i sr -i lfe -filter_complex
'join=inputs=6:channel_layout=5.1:map=0.0-FL|1.0-FR|2.0-FC|3.0-SL|4.0-SR|5.0-LFE'
out
@end example

@section ladspa

Load a LADSPA (Linux Audio Developer's Simple Plugin API) plugin.

To enable compilation of this filter you need to configure FFmpeg with
@code{--enable-ladspa}.

@table @option
@item file, f
Specifies the name of LADSPA plugin library to load. If the environment
variable @env{LADSPA_PATH} is defined, the LADSPA plugin is searched in
each one of the directories specified by the colon separated list in
@env{LADSPA_PATH}, otherwise in the standard LADSPA paths, which are in
this order: @file{HOME/.ladspa/lib/}, @file{/usr/local/lib/ladspa/},
@file{/usr/lib/ladspa/}.

@item plugin, p
Specifies the plugin within the library. Some libraries contain only
one plugin, but others contain many of them. If this is not set filter
will list all available plugins within the specified library.

@item controls, c
Set the '|' separated list of controls which are zero or more floating point
values that determine the behavior of the loaded plugin (for example delay,
threshold or gain).
Controls need to be defined using the following syntax:
c0=@var{value0}|c1=@var{value1}|c2=@var{value2}|..., where
@var{valuei} is the value set on the @var{i}-th control.
If @option{controls} is set to @code{help}, all available controls and
their valid ranges are printed.

@item sample_rate, s
Specify the sample rate, default to 44100. Only used if plugin have
zero inputs.

@item nb_samples, n
Set the number of samples per channel per each output frame, default
is 1024. Only used if plugin have zero inputs.

@item duration, d
Set the minimum duration of the sourced audio. See the function
@code{av_parse_time()} for the accepted format, also check the "Time duration"
section in the ffmpeg-utils manual.
Note that the resulting duration may be greater than the specified duration,
as the generated audio is always cut at the end of a complete frame.
If not specified, or the expressed duration is negative, the audio is
supposed to be generated forever.
Only used if plugin have zero inputs.

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
List all available plugins within amp (LADSPA example plugin) library:
@example
ladspa=file=amp
@end example

@item
List all available controls and their valid ranges for @code{vcf_notch}
plugin from @code{VCF} library:
@example
ladspa=f=vcf:p=vcf_notch:c=help
@end example

@item
Simulate low quality audio equipment using @code{Computer Music Toolkit} (CMT)
plugin library:
@example
ladspa=file=cmt:plugin=lofi:controls=c0=22|c1=12|c2=12
@end example

@item
Add reverberation to the audio using TAP-plugins
(Tom's Audio Processing plugins):
@example
ladspa=file=tap_reverb:tap_reverb
@end example

@item
Generate white noise, with 0.2 amplitude:
@example
ladspa=file=cmt:noise_source_white:c=c0=.2
@end example

@item
Generate 20 bpm clicks using plugin @code{C* Click - Metronome} from the
@code{C* Audio Plugin Suite} (CAPS) library:
@example
ladspa=file=caps:Click:c=c1=20'
@end example

@item
Apply @code{C* Eq10X2 - Stereo 10-band equaliser} effect:
@example
ladspa=caps:Eq10X2:c=c0=-48|c9=-24|c3=12|c4=2
@end example
@end itemize

@subsection Commands

This filter supports the following commands:
@table @option
@item cN
Modify the @var{N}-th control value.

If the specified value is not valid, it is ignored and prior one is kept.
@end table

@section lowpass

Apply a low-pass filter with 3dB point frequency.
The filter can be either single-pole or double-pole (the default).
The filter roll off at 6dB per pole per octave (20dB per pole per decade).

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item frequency, f
Set frequency in Hz. Default is 500.

@item poles, p
Set number of poles. Default is 2.

@item width_type
Set method to specify band-width of filter.
@table @option
@item h
Hz
@item q
Q-Factor
@item o
octave
@item s
slope
@end table

@item width, w
Specify the band-width of a filter in width_type units.
Applies only to double-pole filter.
The default is 0.707q and gives a Butterworth response.
@end table

@section pan

Mix channels with specific gain levels. The filter accepts the output
channel layout followed by a set of channels definitions.

This filter is also designed to remap efficiently the channels of an audio
stream.

The filter accepts parameters of the form:
"@var{l}:@var{outdef}:@var{outdef}:..."

@table @option
@item l
output channel layout or number of channels

@item outdef
output channel specification, of the form:
"@var{out_name}=[@var{gain}*]@var{in_name}[+[@var{gain}*]@var{in_name}...]"

@item out_name
output channel to define, either a channel name (FL, FR, etc.) or a channel
number (c0, c1, etc.)

@item gain
multiplicative coefficient for the channel, 1 leaving the volume unchanged

@item in_name
input channel to use, see out_name for details; it is not possible to mix
named and numbered input channels
@end table

If the `=' in a channel specification is replaced by `<', then the gains for
that specification will be renormalized so that the total is 1, thus
avoiding clipping noise.

@subsection Mixing examples

For example, if you want to down-mix from stereo to mono, but with a bigger
factor for the left channel:
@example
pan=1:c0=0.9*c0+0.1*c1
@end example

A customized down-mix to stereo that works automatically for 3-, 4-, 5- and
7-channels surround:
@example
pan=stereo: FL < FL + 0.5*FC + 0.6*BL + 0.6*SL : FR < FR + 0.5*FC + 0.6*BR + 0.6*SR
@end example

Note that @command{ffmpeg} integrates a default down-mix (and up-mix) system
that should be preferred (see "-ac" option) unless you have very specific
needs.

@subsection Remapping examples

The channel remapping will be effective if, and only if:

@itemize
@item gain coefficients are zeroes or ones,
@item only one input per channel output,
@end itemize

If all these conditions are satisfied, the filter will notify the user ("Pure
channel mapping detected"), and use an optimized and lossless method to do the
remapping.

For example, if you have a 5.1 source and want a stereo audio stream by
dropping the extra channels:
@example
pan="stereo: c0=FL : c1=FR"
@end example

Given the same source, you can also switch front left and front right channels
and keep the input channel layout:
@example
pan="5.1: c0=c1 : c1=c0 : c2=c2 : c3=c3 : c4=c4 : c5=c5"
@end example

If the input is a stereo audio stream, you can mute the front left channel (and
still keep the stereo channel layout) with:
@example
pan="stereo:c1=c1"
@end example

Still with a stereo audio stream input, you can copy the right channel in both
front left and right:
@example
pan="stereo: c0=FR : c1=FR"
@end example

@section replaygain

ReplayGain scanner filter. This filter takes an audio stream as an input and
outputs it unchanged.
At end of filtering it displays @code{track_gain} and @code{track_peak}.

@section resample

Convert the audio sample format, sample rate and channel layout. This filter is
not meant to be used directly.

@section silencedetect

Detect silence in an audio stream.

This filter logs a message when it detects that the input audio volume is less
or equal to a noise tolerance value for a duration greater or equal to the
minimum detected noise duration.

The printed times and duration are expressed in seconds.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item duration, d
Set silence duration until notification (default is 2 seconds).

@item noise, n
Set noise tolerance. Can be specified in dB (in case "dB" is appended to the
specified value) or amplitude ratio. Default is -60dB, or 0.001.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Detect 5 seconds of silence with -50dB noise tolerance:
@example
silencedetect=n=-50dB:d=5
@end example

@item
Complete example with @command{ffmpeg} to detect silence with 0.0001 noise
tolerance in @file{silence.mp3}:
@example
ffmpeg -i silence.mp3 -af silencedetect=noise=0.0001 -f null -
@end example
@end itemize

@section treble

Boost or cut treble (upper) frequencies of the audio using a two-pole
shelving filter with a response similar to that of a standard
hi-fi's tone-controls. This is also known as shelving equalisation (EQ).

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item gain, g
Give the gain at whichever is the lower of ~22 kHz and the
Nyquist frequency. Its useful range is about -20 (for a large cut)
to +20 (for a large boost). Beware of clipping when using a positive gain.

@item frequency, f
Set the filter's central frequency and so can be used
to extend or reduce the frequency range to be boosted or cut.
The default value is @code{3000} Hz.

@item width_type
Set method to specify band-width of filter.
@table @option
@item h
Hz
@item q
Q-Factor
@item o
octave
@item s
slope
@end table

@item width, w
Determine how steep is the filter's shelf transition.
@end table

@section volume

Adjust the input audio volume.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item volume
Expresses how the audio volume will be increased or decreased.

Output values are clipped to the maximum value.

The output audio volume is given by the relation:
@example
@var{output_volume} = @var{volume} * @var{input_volume}
@end example

Default value for @var{volume} is 1.0.

@item precision
Set the mathematical precision.

This determines which input sample formats will be allowed, which affects the
precision of the volume scaling.

@table @option
@item fixed
8-bit fixed-point; limits input sample format to U8, S16, and S32.
@item float
32-bit floating-point; limits input sample format to FLT. (default)
@item double
64-bit floating-point; limits input sample format to DBL.
@end table
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Halve the input audio volume:
@example
volume=volume=0.5
volume=volume=1/2
volume=volume=-6.0206dB
@end example

In all the above example the named key for @option{volume} can be
omitted, for example like in:
@example
volume=0.5
@end example

@item
Increase input audio power by 6 decibels using fixed-point precision:
@example
volume=volume=6dB:precision=fixed
@end example
@end itemize

@section volumedetect

Detect the volume of the input video.

The filter has no parameters. The input is not modified. Statistics about
the volume will be printed in the log when the input stream end is reached.

In particular it will show the mean volume (root mean square), maximum
volume (on a per-sample basis), and the beginning of a histogram of the
registered volume values (from the maximum value to a cumulated 1/1000 of
the samples).

All volumes are in decibels relative to the maximum PCM value.

@subsection Examples

Here is an excerpt of the output:
@example
[Parsed_volumedetect_0 @ 0xa23120] mean_volume: -27 dB
[Parsed_volumedetect_0 @ 0xa23120] max_volume: -4 dB
[Parsed_volumedetect_0 @ 0xa23120] histogram_4db: 6
[Parsed_volumedetect_0 @ 0xa23120] histogram_5db: 62
[Parsed_volumedetect_0 @ 0xa23120] histogram_6db: 286
[Parsed_volumedetect_0 @ 0xa23120] histogram_7db: 1042
[Parsed_volumedetect_0 @ 0xa23120] histogram_8db: 2551
[Parsed_volumedetect_0 @ 0xa23120] histogram_9db: 4609
[Parsed_volumedetect_0 @ 0xa23120] histogram_10db: 8409
@end example

It means that:
@itemize
@item
The mean square energy is approximately -27 dB, or 10^-2.7.
@item
The largest sample is at -4 dB, or more precisely between -4 dB and -5 dB.
@item
There are 6 samples at -4 dB, 62 at -5 dB, 286 at -6 dB, etc.
@end itemize

In other words, raising the volume by +4 dB does not cause any clipping,
raising it by +5 dB causes clipping for 6 samples, etc.

@c man end AUDIO FILTERS

@chapter Audio Sources
@c man begin AUDIO SOURCES

Below is a description of the currently available audio sources.

@section abuffer

Buffer audio frames, and make them available to the filter chain.

This source is mainly intended for a programmatic use, in particular
through the interface defined in @file{libavfilter/asrc_abuffer.h}.

It accepts the following named parameters:

@table @option

@item time_base
Timebase which will be used for timestamps of submitted frames. It must be
either a floating-point number or in @var{numerator}/@var{denominator} form.

@item sample_rate
The sample rate of the incoming audio buffers.

@item sample_fmt
The sample format of the incoming audio buffers.
Either a sample format name or its corresponging integer representation from
the enum AVSampleFormat in @file{libavutil/samplefmt.h}

@item channel_layout
The channel layout of the incoming audio buffers.
Either a channel layout name from channel_layout_map in
@file{libavutil/channel_layout.c} or its corresponding integer representation
from the AV_CH_LAYOUT_* macros in @file{libavutil/channel_layout.h}

@item channels
The number of channels of the incoming audio buffers.
If both @var{channels} and @var{channel_layout} are specified, then they
must be consistent.

@end table

@subsection Examples

@example
abuffer=sample_rate=44100:sample_fmt=s16p:channel_layout=stereo
@end example

will instruct the source to accept planar 16bit signed stereo at 44100Hz.
Since the sample format with name "s16p" corresponds to the number
6 and the "stereo" channel layout corresponds to the value 0x3, this is
equivalent to:
@example
abuffer=sample_rate=44100:sample_fmt=6:channel_layout=0x3
@end example

@section aevalsrc

Generate an audio signal specified by an expression.

This source accepts in input one or more expressions (one for each
channel), which are evaluated and used to generate a corresponding
audio signal.

This source accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item exprs
Set the '|'-separated expressions list for each separate channel. In case the
@option{channel_layout} option is not specified, the selected channel layout
depends on the number of provided expressions.

@item channel_layout, c
Set the channel layout. The number of channels in the specified layout
must be equal to the number of specified expressions.

@item duration, d
Set the minimum duration of the sourced audio. See the function
@code{av_parse_time()} for the accepted format.
Note that the resulting duration may be greater than the specified
duration, as the generated audio is always cut at the end of a
complete frame.

If not specified, or the expressed duration is negative, the audio is
supposed to be generated forever.

@item nb_samples, n
Set the number of samples per channel per each output frame,
default to 1024.

@item sample_rate, s
Specify the sample rate, default to 44100.
@end table

Each expression in @var{exprs} can contain the following constants:

@table @option
@item n
number of the evaluated sample, starting from 0

@item t
time of the evaluated sample expressed in seconds, starting from 0

@item s
sample rate

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Generate silence:
@example
aevalsrc=0
@end example

@item
Generate a sin signal with frequency of 440 Hz, set sample rate to
8000 Hz:
@example
aevalsrc="sin(440*2*PI*t):s=8000"
@end example

@item
Generate a two channels signal, specify the channel layout (Front
Center + Back Center) explicitly:
@example
aevalsrc="sin(420*2*PI*t)|cos(430*2*PI*t):c=FC|BC"
@end example

@item
Generate white noise:
@example
aevalsrc="-2+random(0)"
@end example

@item
Generate an amplitude modulated signal:
@example
aevalsrc="sin(10*2*PI*t)*sin(880*2*PI*t)"
@end example

@item
Generate 2.5 Hz binaural beats on a 360 Hz carrier:
@example
aevalsrc="0.1*sin(2*PI*(360-2.5/2)*t) | 0.1*sin(2*PI*(360+2.5/2)*t)"
@end example

@end itemize

@section anullsrc

Null audio source, return unprocessed audio frames. It is mainly useful
as a template and to be employed in analysis / debugging tools, or as
the source for filters which ignore the input data (for example the sox
synth filter).

This source accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item channel_layout, cl

Specify the channel layout, and can be either an integer or a string
representing a channel layout. The default value of @var{channel_layout}
is "stereo".

Check the channel_layout_map definition in
@file{libavutil/channel_layout.c} for the mapping between strings and
channel layout values.

@item sample_rate, r
Specify the sample rate, and defaults to 44100.

@item nb_samples, n
Set the number of samples per requested frames.

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Set the sample rate to 48000 Hz and the channel layout to AV_CH_LAYOUT_MONO.
@example
anullsrc=r=48000:cl=4
@end example

@item
Do the same operation with a more obvious syntax:
@example
anullsrc=r=48000:cl=mono
@end example
@end itemize

All the parameters need to be explicitly defined.

@section flite

Synthesize a voice utterance using the libflite library.

To enable compilation of this filter you need to configure FFmpeg with
@code{--enable-libflite}.

Note that the flite library is not thread-safe.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item list_voices
If set to 1, list the names of the available voices and exit
immediately. Default value is 0.

@item nb_samples, n
Set the maximum number of samples per frame. Default value is 512.

@item textfile
Set the filename containing the text to speak.

@item text
Set the text to speak.

@item voice, v
Set the voice to use for the speech synthesis. Default value is
@code{kal}. See also the @var{list_voices} option.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Read from file @file{speech.txt}, and synthetize the text using the
standard flite voice:
@example
flite=textfile=speech.txt
@end example

@item
Read the specified text selecting the @code{slt} voice:
@example
flite=text='So fare thee well, poor devil of a Sub-Sub, whose commentator I am':voice=slt
@end example

@item
Input text to ffmpeg:
@example
ffmpeg -f lavfi -i flite=text='So fare thee well, poor devil of a Sub-Sub, whose commentator I am':voice=slt
@end example

@item
Make @file{ffplay} speak the specified text, using @code{flite} and
the @code{lavfi} device:
@example
ffplay -f lavfi flite=text='No more be grieved for which that thou hast done.'
@end example
@end itemize

For more information about libflite, check:
@url{http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/flite/}

@section sine

Generate an audio signal made of a sine wave with amplitude 1/8.

The audio signal is bit-exact.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item frequency, f
Set the carrier frequency. Default is 440 Hz.

@item beep_factor, b
Enable a periodic beep every second with frequency @var{beep_factor} times
the carrier frequency. Default is 0, meaning the beep is disabled.

@item sample_rate, r
Specify the sample rate, default is 44100.

@item duration, d
Specify the duration of the generated audio stream.

@item samples_per_frame
Set the number of samples per output frame, default is 1024.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize

@item
Generate a simple 440 Hz sine wave:
@example
sine
@end example

@item
Generate a 220 Hz sine wave with a 880 Hz beep each second, for 5 seconds:
@example
sine=220:4:d=5
sine=f=220:b=4:d=5
sine=frequency=220:beep_factor=4:duration=5
@end example

@end itemize

@c man end AUDIO SOURCES

@chapter Audio Sinks
@c man begin AUDIO SINKS

Below is a description of the currently available audio sinks.

@section abuffersink

Buffer audio frames, and make them available to the end of filter chain.

This sink is mainly intended for programmatic use, in particular
through the interface defined in @file{libavfilter/buffersink.h}
or the options system.

It accepts a pointer to an AVABufferSinkContext structure, which
defines the incoming buffers' formats, to be passed as the opaque
parameter to @code{avfilter_init_filter} for initialization.

@section anullsink

Null audio sink, do absolutely nothing with the input audio. It is
mainly useful as a template and to be employed in analysis / debugging
tools.

@c man end AUDIO SINKS

@chapter Video Filters
@c man begin VIDEO FILTERS

When you configure your FFmpeg build, you can disable any of the
existing filters using @code{--disable-filters}.
The configure output will show the video filters included in your
build.

Below is a description of the currently available video filters.

@section alphaextract

Extract the alpha component from the input as a grayscale video. This
is especially useful with the @var{alphamerge} filter.

@section alphamerge

Add or replace the alpha component of the primary input with the
grayscale value of a second input. This is intended for use with
@var{alphaextract} to allow the transmission or storage of frame
sequences that have alpha in a format that doesn't support an alpha
channel.

For example, to reconstruct full frames from a normal YUV-encoded video
and a separate video created with @var{alphaextract}, you might use:
@example
movie=in_alpha.mkv [alpha]; [in][alpha] alphamerge [out]
@end example

Since this filter is designed for reconstruction, it operates on frame
sequences without considering timestamps, and terminates when either
input reaches end of stream. This will cause problems if your encoding
pipeline drops frames. If you're trying to apply an image as an
overlay to a video stream, consider the @var{overlay} filter instead.

@section ass

Same as the @ref{subtitles} filter, except that it doesn't require libavcodec
and libavformat to work. On the other hand, it is limited to ASS (Advanced
Substation Alpha) subtitles files.

@section bbox

Compute the bounding box for the non-black pixels in the input frame
luminance plane.

This filter computes the bounding box containing all the pixels with a
luminance value greater than the minimum allowed value.
The parameters describing the bounding box are printed on the filter
log.

The filter accepts the following option:

@table @option
@item min_val
Set the minimal luminance value. Default is @code{16}.
@end table

@section blackdetect

Detect video intervals that are (almost) completely black. Can be
useful to detect chapter transitions, commercials, or invalid
recordings. Output lines contains the time for the start, end and
duration of the detected black interval expressed in seconds.

In order to display the output lines, you need to set the loglevel at
least to the AV_LOG_INFO value.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item black_min_duration, d
Set the minimum detected black duration expressed in seconds. It must
be a non-negative floating point number.

Default value is 2.0.

@item picture_black_ratio_th, pic_th
Set the threshold for considering a picture "black".
Express the minimum value for the ratio:
@example
@var{nb_black_pixels} / @var{nb_pixels}
@end example

for which a picture is considered black.
Default value is 0.98.

@item pixel_black_th, pix_th
Set the threshold for considering a pixel "black".

The threshold expresses the maximum pixel luminance value for which a
pixel is considered "black". The provided value is scaled according to
the following equation:
@example
@var{absolute_threshold} = @var{luminance_minimum_value} + @var{pixel_black_th} * @var{luminance_range_size}
@end example

@var{luminance_range_size} and @var{luminance_minimum_value} depend on
the input video format, the range is [0-255] for YUV full-range
formats and [16-235] for YUV non full-range formats.

Default value is 0.10.
@end table

The following example sets the maximum pixel threshold to the minimum
value, and detects only black intervals of 2 or more seconds:
@example
blackdetect=d=2:pix_th=0.00
@end example

@section blackframe

Detect frames that are (almost) completely black. Can be useful to
detect chapter transitions or commercials. Output lines consist of
the frame number of the detected frame, the percentage of blackness,
the position in the file if known or -1 and the timestamp in seconds.

In order to display the output lines, you need to set the loglevel at
least to the AV_LOG_INFO value.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item amount
Set the percentage of the pixels that have to be below the threshold, defaults
to @code{98}.

@item threshold, thresh
Set the threshold below which a pixel value is considered black, defaults to
@code{32}.

@end table

@section blend

Blend two video frames into each other.

It takes two input streams and outputs one stream, the first input is the
"top" layer and second input is "bottom" layer.
Output terminates when shortest input terminates.

A description of the accepted options follows.

@table @option
@item c0_mode
@item c1_mode
@item c2_mode
@item c3_mode
@item all_mode
Set blend mode for specific pixel component or all pixel components in case
of @var{all_mode}. Default value is @code{normal}.

Available values for component modes are:
@table @samp
@item addition
@item and
@item average
@item burn
@item darken
@item difference
@item divide
@item dodge
@item exclusion
@item hardlight
@item lighten
@item multiply
@item negation
@item normal
@item or
@item overlay
@item phoenix
@item pinlight
@item reflect
@item screen
@item softlight
@item subtract
@item vividlight
@item xor
@end table

@item c0_opacity
@item c1_opacity
@item c2_opacity
@item c3_opacity
@item all_opacity
Set blend opacity for specific pixel component or all pixel components in case
of @var{all_opacity}. Only used in combination with pixel component blend modes.

@item c0_expr
@item c1_expr
@item c2_expr
@item c3_expr
@item all_expr
Set blend expression for specific pixel component or all pixel components in case
of @var{all_expr}. Note that related mode options will be ignored if those are set.

The expressions can use the following variables:

@table @option
@item N
The sequential number of the filtered frame, starting from @code{0}.

@item X
@item Y
the coordinates of the current sample

@item W
@item H
the width and height of currently filtered plane

@item SW
@item SH
Width and height scale depending on the currently filtered plane. It is the
ratio between the corresponding luma plane number of pixels and the current
plane ones. E.g. for YUV4:2:0 the values are @code{1,1} for the luma plane, and
@code{0.5,0.5} for chroma planes.

@item T
Time of the current frame, expressed in seconds.

@item TOP, A
Value of pixel component at current location for first video frame (top layer).

@item BOTTOM, B
Value of pixel component at current location for second video frame (bottom layer).
@end table

@item shortest
Force termination when the shortest input terminates. Default is @code{0}.
@item repeatlast
Continue applying the last bottom frame after the end of the stream. A value of
@code{0} disable the filter after the last frame of the bottom layer is reached.
Default is @code{1}.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Apply transition from bottom layer to top layer in first 10 seconds:
@example
blend=all_expr='A*(if(gte(T,10),1,T/10))+B*(1-(if(gte(T,10),1,T/10)))'
@end example

@item
Apply 1x1 checkerboard effect:
@example
blend=all_expr='if(eq(mod(X,2),mod(Y,2)),A,B)'
@end example
@end itemize

@section boxblur

Apply boxblur algorithm to the input video.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item luma_radius, lr
@item luma_power, lp
@item chroma_radius, cr
@item chroma_power, cp
@item alpha_radius, ar
@item alpha_power, ap

@end table

A description of the accepted options follows.

@table @option
@item luma_radius, lr
@item chroma_radius, cr
@item alpha_radius, ar
Set an expression for the box radius in pixels used for blurring the
corresponding input plane.

The radius value must be a non-negative number, and must not be
greater than the value of the expression @code{min(w,h)/2} for the
luma and alpha planes, and of @code{min(cw,ch)/2} for the chroma
planes.

Default value for @option{luma_radius} is "2". If not specified,
@option{chroma_radius} and @option{alpha_radius} default to the
corresponding value set for @option{luma_radius}.

The expressions can contain the following constants:
@table @option
@item w
@item h
the input width and height in pixels

@item cw
@item ch
the input chroma image width and height in pixels

@item hsub
@item vsub
horizontal and vertical chroma subsample values. For example for the
pixel format "yuv422p" @var{hsub} is 2 and @var{vsub} is 1.
@end table

@item luma_power, lp
@item chroma_power, cp
@item alpha_power, ap
Specify how many times the boxblur filter is applied to the
corresponding plane.

Default value for @option{luma_power} is 2. If not specified,
@option{chroma_power} and @option{alpha_power} default to the
corresponding value set for @option{luma_power}.

A value of 0 will disable the effect.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Apply a boxblur filter with luma, chroma, and alpha radius
set to 2:
@example
boxblur=luma_radius=2:luma_power=1
boxblur=2:1
@end example

@item
Set luma radius to 2, alpha and chroma radius to 0:
@example
boxblur=2:1:cr=0:ar=0
@end example

@item
Set luma and chroma radius to a fraction of the video dimension:
@example
boxblur=luma_radius=min(h\,w)/10:luma_power=1:chroma_radius=min(cw\,ch)/10:chroma_power=1
@end example
@end itemize

@section colorbalance
Modify intensity of primary colors (red, green and blue) of input frames.

The filter allows an input frame to be adjusted in the shadows, midtones or highlights
regions for the red-cyan, green-magenta or blue-yellow balance.

A positive adjustment value shifts the balance towards the primary color, a negative
value towards the complementary color.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item rs
@item gs
@item bs
Adjust red, green and blue shadows (darkest pixels).

@item rm
@item gm
@item bm
Adjust red, green and blue midtones (medium pixels).

@item rh
@item gh
@item bh
Adjust red, green and blue highlights (brightest pixels).

Allowed ranges for options are @code{[-1.0, 1.0]}. Defaults are @code{0}.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Add red color cast to shadows:
@example
colorbalance=rs=.3
@end example
@end itemize

@section colorchannelmixer

Adjust video input frames by re-mixing color channels.

This filter modifies a color channel by adding the values associated to
the other channels of the same pixels. For example if the value to
modify is red, the output value will be:
@example
@var{red}=@var{red}*@var{rr} + @var{blue}*@var{rb} + @var{green}*@var{rg} + @var{alpha}*@var{ra}
@end example

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item rr
@item rg
@item rb
@item ra
Adjust contribution of input red, green, blue and alpha channels for output red channel.
Default is @code{1} for @var{rr}, and @code{0} for @var{rg}, @var{rb} and @var{ra}.

@item gr
@item gg
@item gb
@item ga
Adjust contribution of input red, green, blue and alpha channels for output green channel.
Default is @code{1} for @var{gg}, and @code{0} for @var{gr}, @var{gb} and @var{ga}.

@item br
@item bg
@item bb
@item ba
Adjust contribution of input red, green, blue and alpha channels for output blue channel.
Default is @code{1} for @var{bb}, and @code{0} for @var{br}, @var{bg} and @var{ba}.

@item ar
@item ag
@item ab
@item aa
Adjust contribution of input red, green, blue and alpha channels for output alpha channel.
Default is @code{1} for @var{aa}, and @code{0} for @var{ar}, @var{ag} and @var{ab}.

Allowed ranges for options are @code{[-2.0, 2.0]}.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Convert source to grayscale:
@example
colorchannelmixer=.3:.4:.3:0:.3:.4:.3:0:.3:.4:.3
@end example
@item
Simulate sepia tones:
@example
colorchannelmixer=.393:.769:.189:0:.349:.686:.168:0:.272:.534:.131
@end example
@end itemize

@section colormatrix

Convert color matrix.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item src
@item dst
Specify the source and destination color matrix. Both values must be
specified.

The accepted values are:
@table @samp
@item bt709
BT.709

@item bt601
BT.601

@item smpte240m
SMPTE-240M

@item fcc
FCC
@end table
@end table

For example to convert from BT.601 to SMPTE-240M, use the command:
@example
colormatrix=bt601:smpte240m
@end example

@section copy

Copy the input source unchanged to the output. Mainly useful for
testing purposes.

@section crop

Crop the input video to given dimensions.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item w, out_w
Width of the output video. It defaults to @code{iw}.
This expression is evaluated only once during the filter
configuration.

@item h, out_h
Height of the output video. It defaults to @code{ih}.
This expression is evaluated only once during the filter
configuration.

@item x
Horizontal position, in the input video, of the left edge of the output video.
It defaults to @code{(in_w-out_w)/2}.
This expression is evaluated per-frame.

@item y
Vertical position, in the input video, of the top edge of the output video.
It defaults to @code{(in_h-out_h)/2}.
This expression is evaluated per-frame.

@item keep_aspect
If set to 1 will force the output display aspect ratio
to be the same of the input, by changing the output sample aspect
ratio. It defaults to 0.
@end table

The @var{out_w}, @var{out_h}, @var{x}, @var{y} parameters are
expressions containing the following constants:

@table @option
@item x
@item y
the computed values for @var{x} and @var{y}. They are evaluated for
each new frame.

@item in_w
@item in_h
the input width and height

@item iw
@item ih
same as @var{in_w} and @var{in_h}

@item out_w
@item out_h
the output (cropped) width and height

@item ow
@item oh
same as @var{out_w} and @var{out_h}

@item a
same as @var{iw} / @var{ih}

@item sar
input sample aspect ratio

@item dar
input display aspect ratio, it is the same as (@var{iw} / @var{ih}) * @var{sar}

@item hsub
@item vsub
horizontal and vertical chroma subsample values. For example for the
pixel format "yuv422p" @var{hsub} is 2 and @var{vsub} is 1.

@item n
the number of input frame, starting from 0

@item pos
the position in the file of the input frame, NAN if unknown

@item t
timestamp expressed in seconds, NAN if the input timestamp is unknown

@end table

The expression for @var{out_w} may depend on the value of @var{out_h},
and the expression for @var{out_h} may depend on @var{out_w}, but they
cannot depend on @var{x} and @var{y}, as @var{x} and @var{y} are
evaluated after @var{out_w} and @var{out_h}.

The @var{x} and @var{y} parameters specify the expressions for the
position of the top-left corner of the output (non-cropped) area. They
are evaluated for each frame. If the evaluated value is not valid, it
is approximated to the nearest valid value.

The expression for @var{x} may depend on @var{y}, and the expression
for @var{y} may depend on @var{x}.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Crop area with size 100x100 at position (12,34).
@example
crop=100:100:12:34
@end example

Using named options, the example above becomes:
@example
crop=w=100:h=100:x=12:y=34
@end example

@item
Crop the central input area with size 100x100:
@example
crop=100:100
@end example

@item
Crop the central input area with size 2/3 of the input video:
@example
crop=2/3*in_w:2/3*in_h
@end example

@item
Crop the input video central square:
@example
crop=out_w=in_h
crop=in_h
@end example

@item
Delimit the rectangle with the top-left corner placed at position
100:100 and the right-bottom corner corresponding to the right-bottom
corner of the input image:
@example
crop=in_w-100:in_h-100:100:100
@end example

@item
Crop 10 pixels from the left and right borders, and 20 pixels from
the top and bottom borders
@example
crop=in_w-2*10:in_h-2*20
@end example

@item
Keep only the bottom right quarter of the input image:
@example
crop=in_w/2:in_h/2:in_w/2:in_h/2
@end example

@item
Crop height for getting Greek harmony:
@example
crop=in_w:1/PHI*in_w
@end example

@item
Appply trembling effect:
@example
crop=in_w/2:in_h/2:(in_w-out_w)/2+((in_w-out_w)/2)*sin(n/10):(in_h-out_h)/2 +((in_h-out_h)/2)*sin(n/7)
@end example

@item
Apply erratic camera effect depending on timestamp:
@example
crop=in_w/2:in_h/2:(in_w-out_w)/2+((in_w-out_w)/2)*sin(t*10):(in_h-out_h)/2 +((in_h-out_h)/2)*sin(t*13)"
@end example

@item
Set x depending on the value of y:
@example
crop=in_w/2:in_h/2:y:10+10*sin(n/10)
@end example
@end itemize

@section cropdetect

Auto-detect crop size.

Calculate necessary cropping parameters and prints the recommended
parameters through the logging system. The detected dimensions
correspond to the non-black area of the input video.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item limit
Set higher black value threshold, which can be optionally specified
from nothing (0) to everything (255). An intensity value greater
to the set value is considered non-black. Default value is 24.

@item round
Set the value for which the width/height should be divisible by. The
offset is automatically adjusted to center the video. Use 2 to get
only even dimensions (needed for 4:2:2 video). 16 is best when
encoding to most video codecs. Default value is 16.

@item reset_count, reset
Set the counter that determines after how many frames cropdetect will
reset the previously detected largest video area and start over to
detect the current optimal crop area. Default value is 0.

This can be useful when channel logos distort the video area. 0
indicates never reset and return the largest area encountered during
playback.
@end table

@anchor{curves}
@section curves

Apply color adjustments using curves.

This filter is similar to the Adobe Photoshop and GIMP curves tools. Each
component (red, green and blue) has its values defined by @var{N} key points
tied from each other using a smooth curve. The x-axis represents the pixel
values from the input frame, and the y-axis the new pixel values to be set for
the output frame.

By default, a component curve is defined by the two points @var{(0;0)} and
@var{(1;1)}. This creates a straight line where each original pixel value is
"adjusted" to its own value, which means no change to the image.

The filter allows you to redefine these two points and add some more. A new
curve (using a natural cubic spline interpolation) will be define to pass
smoothly through all these new coordinates. The new defined points needs to be
strictly increasing over the x-axis, and their @var{x} and @var{y} values must
be in the @var{[0;1]} interval.  If the computed curves happened to go outside
the vector spaces, the values will be clipped accordingly.

If there is no key point defined in @code{x=0}, the filter will automatically
insert a @var{(0;0)} point. In the same way, if there is no key point defined
in @code{x=1}, the filter will automatically insert a @var{(1;1)} point.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item preset
Select one of the available color presets. This option can be used in addition
to the @option{r}, @option{g}, @option{b} parameters; in this case, the later
options takes priority on the preset values.
Available presets are:
@table @samp
@item none
@item color_negative
@item cross_process
@item darker
@item increase_contrast
@item lighter
@item linear_contrast
@item medium_contrast
@item negative
@item strong_contrast
@item vintage
@end table
Default is @code{none}.
@item master, m
Set the master key points. These points will define a second pass mapping. It
is sometimes called a "luminance" or "value" mapping. It can be used with
@option{r}, @option{g}, @option{b} or @option{all} since it acts like a
post-processing LUT.
@item red, r
Set the key points for the red component.
@item green, g
Set the key points for the green component.
@item blue, b
Set the key points for the blue component.
@item all
Set the key points for all components (not including master).
Can be used in addition to the other key points component
options. In this case, the unset component(s) will fallback on this
@option{all} setting.
@item psfile
Specify a Photoshop curves file (@code{.asv}) to import the settings from.
@end table

To avoid some filtergraph syntax conflicts, each key points list need to be
defined using the following syntax: @code{x0/y0 x1/y1 x2/y2 ...}.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Increase slightly the middle level of blue:
@example
curves=blue='0.5/0.58'
@end example

@item
Vintage effect:
@example
curves=r='0/0.11 .42/.51 1/0.95':g='0.50/0.48':b='0/0.22 .49/.44 1/0.8'
@end example
Here we obtain the following coordinates for each components:
@table @var
@item red
@code{(0;0.11) (0.42;0.51) (1;0.95)}
@item green
@code{(0;0) (0.50;0.48) (1;1)}
@item blue
@code{(0;0.22) (0.49;0.44) (1;0.80)}
@end table

@item
The previous example can also be achieved with the associated built-in preset:
@example
curves=preset=vintage
@end example

@item
Or simply:
@example
curves=vintage
@end example

@item
Use a Photoshop preset and redefine the points of the green component:
@example
curves=psfile='MyCurvesPresets/purple.asv':green='0.45/0.53'
@end example
@end itemize

@section dctdnoiz

Denoise frames using 2D DCT (frequency domain filtering).

This filter is not designed for real time and can be extremely slow.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item sigma, s
Set the noise sigma constant.

This @var{sigma} defines a hard threshold of @code{3 * sigma}; every DCT
coefficient (absolute value) below this threshold with be dropped.

If you need a more advanced filtering, see @option{expr}.

Default is @code{0}.

@item overlap
Set number overlapping pixels for each block. Each block is of size
@code{16x16}. Since the filter can be slow, you may want to reduce this value,
at the cost of a less effective filter and the risk of various artefacts.

If the overlapping value doesn't allow to process the whole input width or
height, a warning will be displayed and according borders won't be denoised.

Default value is @code{15}.

@item expr, e
Set the coefficient factor expression.

For each coefficient of a DCT block, this expression will be evaluated as a
multiplier value for the coefficient.

If this is option is set, the @option{sigma} option will be ignored.

The absolute value of the coefficient can be accessed through the @var{c}
variable.
@end table

@subsection Examples

Apply a denoise with a @option{sigma} of @code{4.5}:
@example
dctdnoiz=4.5
@end example

The same operation can be achieved using the expression system:
@example
dctdnoiz=e='gte(c, 4.5*3)'
@end example

@anchor{decimate}
@section decimate

Drop duplicated frames at regular intervals.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item cycle
Set the number of frames from which one will be dropped. Setting this to
@var{N} means one frame in every batch of @var{N} frames will be dropped.
Default is @code{5}.

@item dupthresh
Set the threshold for duplicate detection. If the difference metric for a frame
is less than or equal to this value, then it is declared as duplicate. Default
is @code{1.1}

@item scthresh
Set scene change threshold. Default is @code{15}.

@item blockx
@item blocky
Set the size of the x and y-axis blocks used during metric calculations.
Larger blocks give better noise suppression, but also give worse detection of
small movements. Must be a power of two. Default is @code{32}.

@item ppsrc
Mark main input as a pre-processed input and activate clean source input
stream. This allows the input to be pre-processed with various filters to help
the metrics calculation while keeping the frame selection lossless. When set to
@code{1}, the first stream is for the pre-processed input, and the second
stream is the clean source from where the kept frames are chosen. Default is
@code{0}.

@item chroma
Set whether or not chroma is considered in the metric calculations. Default is
@code{1}.
@end table

@section delogo

Suppress a TV station logo by a simple interpolation of the surrounding
pixels. Just set a rectangle covering the logo and watch it disappear
(and sometimes something even uglier appear - your mileage may vary).

This filter accepts the following options:
@table @option

@item x
@item y
Specify the top left corner coordinates of the logo. They must be
specified.

@item w
@item h
Specify the width and height of the logo to clear. They must be
specified.

@item band, t
Specify the thickness of the fuzzy edge of the rectangle (added to
@var{w} and @var{h}). The default value is 4.

@item show
When set to 1, a green rectangle is drawn on the screen to simplify
finding the right @var{x}, @var{y}, @var{w}, and @var{h} parameters.
The default value is 0.

The rectangle is drawn on the outermost pixels which will be (partly)
replaced with interpolated values. The values of the next pixels
immediately outside this rectangle in each direction will be used to
compute the interpolated pixel values inside the rectangle.

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Set a rectangle covering the area with top left corner coordinates 0,0
and size 100x77, setting a band of size 10:
@example
delogo=x=0:y=0:w=100:h=77:band=10
@end example

@end itemize

@section deshake

Attempt to fix small changes in horizontal and/or vertical shift. This
filter helps remove camera shake from hand-holding a camera, bumping a
tripod, moving on a vehicle, etc.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item x
@item y
@item w
@item h
Specify a rectangular area where to limit the search for motion
vectors.
If desired the search for motion vectors can be limited to a
rectangular area of the frame defined by its top left corner, width
and height. These parameters have the same meaning as the drawbox
filter which can be used to visualise the position of the bounding
box.

This is useful when simultaneous movement of subjects within the frame
might be confused for camera motion by the motion vector search.

If any or all of @var{x}, @var{y}, @var{w} and @var{h} are set to -1
then the full frame is used. This allows later options to be set
without specifying the bounding box for the motion vector search.

Default - search the whole frame.

@item rx
@item ry
Specify the maximum extent of movement in x and y directions in the
range 0-64 pixels. Default 16.

@item edge
Specify how to generate pixels to fill blanks at the edge of the
frame. Available values are:
@table @samp
@item blank, 0
Fill zeroes at blank locations
@item original, 1
Original image at blank locations
@item clamp, 2
Extruded edge value at blank locations
@item mirror, 3
Mirrored edge at blank locations
@end table
Default value is @samp{mirror}.

@item blocksize
Specify the blocksize to use for motion search. Range 4-128 pixels,
default 8.

@item contrast
Specify the contrast threshold for blocks. Only blocks with more than
the specified contrast (difference between darkest and lightest
pixels) will be considered. Range 1-255, default 125.

@item search
Specify the search strategy. Available values are:
@table @samp
@item exhaustive, 0
Set exhaustive search
@item less, 1
Set less exhaustive search.
@end table
Default value is @samp{exhaustive}.

@item filename
If set then a detailed log of the motion search is written to the
specified file.

@item opencl
If set to 1, specify using OpenCL capabilities, only available if
FFmpeg was configured with @code{--enable-opencl}. Default value is 0.

@end table

@section drawbox

Draw a colored box on the input image.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item x
@item y
The expressions which specify the top left corner coordinates of the box. Default to 0.

@item width, w
@item height, h
The expressions which specify the width and height of the box, if 0 they are interpreted as
the input width and height. Default to 0.

@item color, c
Specify the color of the box to write. For the general syntax of this option,
check the "Color" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. If the special
value @code{invert} is used, the box edge color is the same as the
video with inverted luma.

@item thickness, t
The expression which sets the thickness of the box edge. Default value is @code{3}.

See below for the list of accepted constants.
@end table

The parameters for @var{x}, @var{y}, @var{w} and @var{h} and @var{t} are expressions containing the
following constants:

@table @option
@item dar
The input display aspect ratio, it is the same as (@var{w} / @var{h}) * @var{sar}.

@item hsub
@item vsub
horizontal and vertical chroma subsample values. For example for the
pixel format "yuv422p" @var{hsub} is 2 and @var{vsub} is 1.

@item in_h, ih
@item in_w, iw
The input width and height.

@item sar
The input sample aspect ratio.

@item x
@item y
The x and y offset coordinates where the box is drawn.

@item w
@item h
The width and height of the drawn box.

@item t
The thickness of the drawn box.

These constants allow the @var{x}, @var{y}, @var{w}, @var{h} and @var{t} expressions to refer to
each other, so you may for example specify @code{y=x/dar} or @code{h=w/dar}.

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Draw a black box around the edge of the input image:
@example
drawbox
@end example

@item
Draw a box with color red and an opacity of 50%:
@example
drawbox=10:20:200:60:red@@0.5
@end example

The previous example can be specified as:
@example
drawbox=x=10:y=20:w=200:h=60:color=red@@0.5
@end example

@item
Fill the box with pink color:
@example
drawbox=x=10:y=10:w=100:h=100:color=pink@@0.5:t=max
@end example

@item
Draw a 2-pixel red 2.40:1 mask:
@example
drawbox=x=-t:y=0.5*(ih-iw/2.4)-t:w=iw+t*2:h=iw/2.4+t*2:t=2:c=red
@end example
@end itemize

@section drawgrid

Draw a grid on the input image.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item x
@item y
The expressions which specify the coordinates of some point of grid intersection (meant to configure offset). Both default to 0.

@item width, w
@item height, h
The expressions which specify the width and height of the grid cell, if 0 they are interpreted as the
input width and height, respectively, minus @code{thickness}, so image gets
framed. Default to 0.

@item color, c
Specify the color of the grid. For the general syntax of this option,
check the "Color" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. If the special
value @code{invert} is used, the grid color is the same as the
video with inverted luma.

@item thickness, t
The expression which sets the thickness of the grid line. Default value is @code{1}.

See below for the list of accepted constants.
@end table

The parameters for @var{x}, @var{y}, @var{w} and @var{h} and @var{t} are expressions containing the
following constants:

@table @option
@item dar
The input display aspect ratio, it is the same as (@var{w} / @var{h}) * @var{sar}.

@item hsub
@item vsub
horizontal and vertical chroma subsample values. For example for the
pixel format "yuv422p" @var{hsub} is 2 and @var{vsub} is 1.

@item in_h, ih
@item in_w, iw
The input grid cell width and height.

@item sar
The input sample aspect ratio.

@item x
@item y
The x and y coordinates of some point of grid intersection (meant to configure offset).

@item w
@item h
The width and height of the drawn cell.

@item t
The thickness of the drawn cell.

These constants allow the @var{x}, @var{y}, @var{w}, @var{h} and @var{t} expressions to refer to
each other, so you may for example specify @code{y=x/dar} or @code{h=w/dar}.

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Draw a grid with cell 100x100 pixels, thickness 2 pixels, with color red and an opacity of 50%:
@example
drawgrid=width=100:height=100:thickness=2:color=red@@0.5
@end example

@item
Draw a white 3x3 grid with an opacity of 50%:
@example
drawgrid=w=iw/3:h=ih/3:t=2:c=white@@0.5
@end example
@end itemize

@anchor{drawtext}
@section drawtext

Draw text string or text from specified file on top of video using the
libfreetype library.

To enable compilation of this filter you need to configure FFmpeg with
@code{--enable-libfreetype}.

@subsection Syntax

The description of the accepted parameters follows.

@table @option

@item box
Used to draw a box around text using background color.
Value should be either 1 (enable) or 0 (disable).
The default value of @var{box} is 0.

@item boxcolor
The color to be used for drawing box around text. For the syntax of this
option, check the "Color" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual.

The default value of @var{boxcolor} is "white".

@item expansion
Select how the @var{text} is expanded. Can be either @code{none},
@code{strftime} (deprecated) or
@code{normal} (default). See the @ref{drawtext_expansion, Text expansion} section
below for details.

@item fix_bounds
If true, check and fix text coords to avoid clipping.

@item fontcolor
The color to be used for drawing fonts. For the syntax of this option, check
the "Color" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual.

The default value of @var{fontcolor} is "black".

@item fontfile
The font file to be used for drawing text. Path must be included.
This parameter is mandatory.

@item fontsize
The font size to be used for drawing text.
The default value of @var{fontsize} is 16.

@item ft_load_flags
Flags to be used for loading the fonts.

The flags map the corresponding flags supported by libfreetype, and are
a combination of the following values:
@table @var
@item default
@item no_scale
@item no_hinting
@item render
@item no_bitmap
@item vertical_layout
@item force_autohint
@item crop_bitmap
@item pedantic
@item ignore_global_advance_width
@item no_recurse
@item ignore_transform
@item monochrome
@item linear_design
@item no_autohint
@end table

Default value is "render".

For more information consult the documentation for the FT_LOAD_*
libfreetype flags.

@item shadowcolor
The color to be used for drawing a shadow behind the drawn text. For the
syntax of this option, check the "Color" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual.

The default value of @var{shadowcolor} is "black".

@item shadowx
@item shadowy
The x and y offsets for the text shadow position with respect to the
position of the text. They can be either positive or negative
values. Default value for both is "0".

@item start_number
The starting frame number for the n/frame_num variable. The default value
is "0".

@item tabsize
The size in number of spaces to use for rendering the tab.
Default value is 4.

@item timecode
Set the initial timecode representation in "hh:mm:ss[:;.]ff"
format. It can be used with or without text parameter. @var{timecode_rate}
option must be specified.

@item timecode_rate, rate, r
Set the timecode frame rate (timecode only).

@item text
The text string to be drawn. The text must be a sequence of UTF-8
encoded characters.
This parameter is mandatory if no file is specified with the parameter
@var{textfile}.

@item textfile
A text file containing text to be drawn. The text must be a sequence
of UTF-8 encoded characters.

This parameter is mandatory if no text string is specified with the
parameter @var{text}.

If both @var{text} and @var{textfile} are specified, an error is thrown.

@item reload
If set to 1, the @var{textfile} will be reloaded before each frame.
Be sure to update it atomically, or it may be read partially, or even fail.

@item x
@item y
The expressions which specify the offsets where text will be drawn
within the video frame. They are relative to the top/left border of the
output image.

The default value of @var{x} and @var{y} is "0".

See below for the list of accepted constants and functions.
@end table

The parameters for @var{x} and @var{y} are expressions containing the
following constants and functions:

@table @option
@item dar
input display aspect ratio, it is the same as (@var{w} / @var{h}) * @var{sar}

@item hsub
@item vsub
horizontal and vertical chroma subsample values. For example for the
pixel format "yuv422p" @var{hsub} is 2 and @var{vsub} is 1.

@item line_h, lh
the height of each text line

@item main_h, h, H
the input height

@item main_w, w, W
the input width

@item max_glyph_a, ascent
the maximum distance from the baseline to the highest/upper grid
coordinate used to place a glyph outline point, for all the rendered
glyphs.
It is a positive value, due to the grid's orientation with the Y axis
upwards.

@item max_glyph_d, descent
the maximum distance from the baseline to the lowest grid coordinate
used to place a glyph outline point, for all the rendered glyphs.
This is a negative value, due to the grid's orientation, with the Y axis
upwards.

@item max_glyph_h
maximum glyph height, that is the maximum height for all the glyphs
contained in the rendered text, it is equivalent to @var{ascent} -
@var{descent}.

@item max_glyph_w
maximum glyph width, that is the maximum width for all the glyphs
contained in the rendered text

@item n
the number of input frame, starting from 0

@item rand(min, max)
return a random number included between @var{min} and @var{max}

@item sar
input sample aspect ratio

@item t
timestamp expressed in seconds, NAN if the input timestamp is unknown

@item text_h, th
the height of the rendered text

@item text_w, tw
the width of the rendered text

@item x
@item y
the x and y offset coordinates where the text is drawn.

These parameters allow the @var{x} and @var{y} expressions to refer
each other, so you can for example specify @code{y=x/dar}.
@end table

If libavfilter was built with @code{--enable-fontconfig}, then
@option{fontfile} can be a fontconfig pattern or omitted.

@anchor{drawtext_expansion}
@subsection Text expansion

If @option{expansion} is set to @code{strftime},
the filter recognizes strftime() sequences in the provided text and
expands them accordingly. Check the documentation of strftime(). This
feature is deprecated.

If @option{expansion} is set to @code{none}, the text is printed verbatim.

If @option{expansion} is set to @code{normal} (which is the default),
the following expansion mechanism is used.

The backslash character '\', followed by any character, always expands to
the second character.

Sequence of the form @code{%@{...@}} are expanded. The text between the
braces is a function name, possibly followed by arguments separated by ':'.
If the arguments contain special characters or delimiters (':' or '@}'),
they should be escaped.

Note that they probably must also be escaped as the value for the
@option{text} option in the filter argument string and as the filter
argument in the filtergraph description, and possibly also for the shell,
that makes up to four levels of escaping; using a text file avoids these
problems.

The following functions are available:

@table @command

@item expr, e
The expression evaluation result.

It must take one argument specifying the expression to be evaluated,
which accepts the same constants and functions as the @var{x} and
@var{y} values. Note that not all constants should be used, for
example the text size is not known when evaluating the expression, so
the constants @var{text_w} and @var{text_h} will have an undefined
value.

@item gmtime
The time at which the filter is running, expressed in UTC.
It can accept an argument: a strftime() format string.

@item localtime
The time at which the filter is running, expressed in the local time zone.
It can accept an argument: a strftime() format string.

@item metadata
Frame metadata. It must take one argument specifying metadata key.

@item n, frame_num
The frame number, starting from 0.

@item pict_type
A 1 character description of the current picture type.

@item pts
The timestamp of the current frame, in seconds, with microsecond accuracy.

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Draw "Test Text" with font FreeSerif, using the default values for the
optional parameters.

@example
drawtext="fontfile=/usr/share/fonts/truetype/freefont/FreeSerif.ttf: text='Test Text'"
@end example

@item
Draw 'Test Text' with font FreeSerif of size 24 at position x=100
and y=50 (counting from the top-left corner of the screen), text is
yellow with a red box around it. Both the text and the box have an
opacity of 20%.

@example
drawtext="fontfile=/usr/share/fonts/truetype/freefont/FreeSerif.ttf: text='Test Text':\
          x=100: y=50: fontsize=24: fontcolor=yellow@@0.2: box=1: boxcolor=red@@0.2"
@end example

Note that the double quotes are not necessary if spaces are not used
within the parameter list.

@item
Show the text at the center of the video frame:
@example
drawtext="fontsize=30:fontfile=FreeSerif.ttf:text='hello world':x=(w-text_w)/2:y=(h-text_h-line_h)/2"
@end example

@item
Show a text line sliding from right to left in the last row of the video
frame. The file @file{LONG_LINE} is assumed to contain a single line
with no newlines.
@example
drawtext="fontsize=15:fontfile=FreeSerif.ttf:text=LONG_LINE:y=h-line_h:x=-50*t"
@end example

@item
Show the content of file @file{CREDITS} off the bottom of the frame and scroll up.
@example
drawtext="fontsize=20:fontfile=FreeSerif.ttf:textfile=CREDITS:y=h-20*t"
@end example

@item
Draw a single green letter "g", at the center of the input video.
The glyph baseline is placed at half screen height.
@example
drawtext="fontsize=60:fontfile=FreeSerif.ttf:fontcolor=green:text=g:x=(w-max_glyph_w)/2:y=h/2-ascent"
@end example

@item
Show text for 1 second every 3 seconds:
@example
drawtext="fontfile=FreeSerif.ttf:fontcolor=white:x=100:y=x/dar:enable=lt(mod(t\,3)\,1):text='blink'"
@end example

@item
Use fontconfig to set the font. Note that the colons need to be escaped.
@example
drawtext='fontfile=Linux Libertine O-40\:style=Semibold:text=FFmpeg'
@end example

@item
Print the date of a real-time encoding (see strftime(3)):
@example
drawtext='fontfile=FreeSans.ttf:text=%@{localtime:%a %b %d %Y@}'
@end example

@end itemize

For more information about libfreetype, check:
@url{http://www.freetype.org/}.

For more information about fontconfig, check:
@url{http://freedesktop.org/software/fontconfig/fontconfig-user.html}.

@section edgedetect

Detect and draw edges. The filter uses the Canny Edge Detection algorithm.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item low
@item high
Set low and high threshold values used by the Canny thresholding
algorithm.

The high threshold selects the "strong" edge pixels, which are then
connected through 8-connectivity with the "weak" edge pixels selected
by the low threshold.

@var{low} and @var{high} threshold values must be choosen in the range
[0,1], and @var{low} should be lesser or equal to @var{high}.

Default value for @var{low} is @code{20/255}, and default value for @var{high}
is @code{50/255}.
@end table

Example:
@example
edgedetect=low=0.1:high=0.4
@end example

@section extractplanes

Extract color channel components from input video stream into
separate grayscale video streams.

The filter accepts the following option:

@table @option
@item planes
Set plane(s) to extract.

Available values for planes are:
@table @samp
@item y
@item u
@item v
@item a
@item r
@item g
@item b
@end table

Choosing planes not available in the input will result in an error.
That means you cannot select @code{r}, @code{g}, @code{b} planes
with @code{y}, @code{u}, @code{v} planes at same time.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Extract luma, u and v color channel component from input video frame
into 3 grayscale outputs:
@example
ffmpeg -i video.avi -filter_complex 'extractplanes=y+u+v[y][u][v]' -map '[y]' y.avi -map '[u]' u.avi -map '[v]' v.avi
@end example
@end itemize

@section fade

Apply fade-in/out effect to input video.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item type, t
The effect type -- can be either "in" for fade-in, or "out" for a fade-out
effect.
Default is @code{in}.

@item start_frame, s
Specify the number of the start frame for starting to apply the fade
effect. Default is 0.

@item nb_frames, n
The number of frames for which the fade effect has to last. At the end of the
fade-in effect the output video will have the same intensity as the input video,
at the end of the fade-out transition the output video will be completely black.
Default is 25.

@item alpha
If set to 1, fade only alpha channel, if one exists on the input.
Default value is 0.

@item start_time, st
Specify the timestamp (in seconds) of the frame to start to apply the fade
effect. If both start_frame and start_time are specified, the fade will start at
whichever comes last.  Default is 0.

@item duration, d
The number of seconds for which the fade effect has to last. At the end of the
fade-in effect the output video will have the same intensity as the input video,
at the end of the fade-out transition the output video will be completely black.
If both duration and nb_frames are specified, duration is used. Default is 0.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Fade in first 30 frames of video:
@example
fade=in:0:30
@end example

The command above is equivalent to:
@example
fade=t=in:s=0:n=30
@end example

@item
Fade out last 45 frames of a 200-frame video:
@example
fade=out:155:45
fade=type=out:start_frame=155:nb_frames=45
@end example

@item
Fade in first 25 frames and fade out last 25 frames of a 1000-frame video:
@example
fade=in:0:25, fade=out:975:25
@end example

@item
Make first 5 frames black, then fade in from frame 5-24:
@example
fade=in:5:20
@end example

@item
Fade in alpha over first 25 frames of video:
@example
fade=in:0:25:alpha=1
@end example

@item
Make first 5.5 seconds black, then fade in for 0.5 seconds:
@example
fade=t=in:st=5.5:d=0.5
@end example

@end itemize

@section field

Extract a single field from an interlaced image using stride
arithmetic to avoid wasting CPU time. The output frames are marked as
non-interlaced.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item type
Specify whether to extract the top (if the value is @code{0} or
@code{top}) or the bottom field (if the value is @code{1} or
@code{bottom}).
@end table

@section fieldmatch

Field matching filter for inverse telecine. It is meant to reconstruct the
progressive frames from a telecined stream. The filter does not drop duplicated
frames, so to achieve a complete inverse telecine @code{fieldmatch} needs to be
followed by a decimation filter such as @ref{decimate} in the filtergraph.

The separation of the field matching and the decimation is notably motivated by
the possibility of inserting a de-interlacing filter fallback between the two.
If the source has mixed telecined and real interlaced content,
@code{fieldmatch} will not be able to match fields for the interlaced parts.
But these remaining combed frames will be marked as interlaced, and thus can be
de-interlaced by a later filter such as @ref{yadif} before decimation.

In addition to the various configuration options, @code{fieldmatch} can take an
optional second stream, activated through the @option{ppsrc} option. If
enabled, the frames reconstruction will be based on the fields and frames from
this second stream. This allows the first input to be pre-processed in order to
help the various algorithms of the filter, while keeping the output lossless
(assuming the fields are matched properly). Typically, a field-aware denoiser,
or brightness/contrast adjustments can help.

Note that this filter uses the same algorithms as TIVTC/TFM (AviSynth project)
and VIVTC/VFM (VapourSynth project). The later is a light clone of TFM from
which @code{fieldmatch} is based on. While the semantic and usage are very
close, some behaviour and options names can differ.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item order
Specify the assumed field order of the input stream. Available values are:

@table @samp
@item auto
Auto detect parity (use FFmpeg's internal parity value).
@item bff
Assume bottom field first.
@item tff
Assume top field first.
@end table

Note that it is sometimes recommended not to trust the parity announced by the
stream.

Default value is @var{auto}.

@item mode
Set the matching mode or strategy to use. @option{pc} mode is the safest in the
sense that it won't risk creating jerkiness due to duplicate frames when
possible, but if there are bad edits or blended fields it will end up
outputting combed frames when a good match might actually exist. On the other
hand, @option{pcn_ub} mode is the most risky in terms of creating jerkiness,
but will almost always find a good frame if there is one. The other values are
all somewhere in between @option{pc} and @option{pcn_ub} in terms of risking
jerkiness and creating duplicate frames versus finding good matches in sections
with bad edits, orphaned fields, blended fields, etc.

More details about p/c/n/u/b are available in @ref{p/c/n/u/b meaning} section.

Available values are:

@table @samp
@item pc
2-way matching (p/c)
@item pc_n
2-way matching, and trying 3rd match if still combed (p/c + n)
@item pc_u
2-way matching, and trying 3rd match (same order) if still combed (p/c + u)
@item pc_n_ub
2-way matching, trying 3rd match if still combed, and trying 4th/5th matches if
still combed (p/c + n + u/b)
@item pcn
3-way matching (p/c/n)
@item pcn_ub
3-way matching, and trying 4th/5th matches if all 3 of the original matches are
detected as combed (p/c/n + u/b)
@end table

The parenthesis at the end indicate the matches that would be used for that
mode assuming @option{order}=@var{tff} (and @option{field} on @var{auto} or
@var{top}).

In terms of speed @option{pc} mode is by far the fastest and @option{pcn_ub} is
the slowest.

Default value is @var{pc_n}.

@item ppsrc
Mark the main input stream as a pre-processed input, and enable the secondary
input stream as the clean source to pick the fields from. See the filter
introduction for more details. It is similar to the @option{clip2} feature from
VFM/TFM.

Default value is @code{0} (disabled).

@item field
Set the field to match from. It is recommended to set this to the same value as
@option{order} unless you experience matching failures with that setting. In
certain circumstances changing the field that is used to match from can have a
large impact on matching performance. Available values are:

@table @samp
@item auto
Automatic (same value as @option{order}).
@item bottom
Match from the bottom field.
@item top
Match from the top field.
@end table

Default value is @var{auto}.

@item mchroma
Set whether or not chroma is included during the match comparisons. In most
cases it is recommended to leave this enabled. You should set this to @code{0}
only if your clip has bad chroma problems such as heavy rainbowing or other
artifacts. Setting this to @code{0} could also be used to speed things up at
the cost of some accuracy.

Default value is @code{1}.

@item y0
@item y1
These define an exclusion band which excludes the lines between @option{y0} and
@option{y1} from being included in the field matching decision. An exclusion
band can be used to ignore subtitles, a logo, or other things that may
interfere with the matching. @option{y0} sets the starting scan line and
@option{y1} sets the ending line; all lines in between @option{y0} and
@option{y1} (including @option{y0} and @option{y1}) will be ignored. Setting
@option{y0} and @option{y1} to the same value will disable the feature.
@option{y0} and @option{y1} defaults to @code{0}.

@item scthresh
Set the scene change detection threshold as a percentage of maximum change on
the luma plane. Good values are in the @code{[8.0, 14.0]} range. Scene change
detection is only relevant in case @option{combmatch}=@var{sc}.  The range for
@option{scthresh} is @code{[0.0, 100.0]}.

Default value is @code{12.0}.

@item combmatch
When @option{combatch} is not @var{none}, @code{fieldmatch} will take into
account the combed scores of matches when deciding what match to use as the
final match. Available values are:

@table @samp
@item none
No final matching based on combed scores.
@item sc
Combed scores are only used when a scene change is detected.
@item full
Use combed scores all the time.
@end table

Default is @var{sc}.

@item combdbg
Force @code{fieldmatch} to calculate the combed metrics for certain matches and
print them. This setting is known as @option{micout} in TFM/VFM vocabulary.
Available values are:

@table @samp
@item none
No forced calculation.
@item pcn
Force p/c/n calculations.
@item pcnub
Force p/c/n/u/b calculations.
@end table

Default value is @var{none}.

@item cthresh
This is the area combing threshold used for combed frame detection. This
essentially controls how "strong" or "visible" combing must be to be detected.
Larger values mean combing must be more visible and smaller values mean combing
can be less visible or strong and still be detected. Valid settings are from
@code{-1} (every pixel will be detected as combed) to @code{255} (no pixel will
be detected as combed). This is basically a pixel difference value. A good
range is @code{[8, 12]}.

Default value is @code{9}.

@item chroma
Sets whether or not chroma is considered in the combed frame decision.  Only
disable this if your source has chroma problems (rainbowing, etc.) that are
causing problems for the combed frame detection with chroma enabled. Actually,
using @option{chroma}=@var{0} is usually more reliable, except for the case
where there is chroma only combing in the source.

Default value is @code{0}.

@item blockx
@item blocky
Respectively set the x-axis and y-axis size of the window used during combed
frame detection. This has to do with the size of the area in which
@option{combpel} pixels are required to be detected as combed for a frame to be
declared combed. See the @option{combpel} parameter description for more info.
Possible values are any number that is a power of 2 starting at 4 and going up
to 512.

Default value is @code{16}.

@item combpel
The number of combed pixels inside any of the @option{blocky} by
@option{blockx} size blocks on the frame for the frame to be detected as
combed. While @option{cthresh} controls how "visible" the combing must be, this
setting controls "how much" combing there must be in any localized area (a
window defined by the @option{blockx} and @option{blocky} settings) on the
frame. Minimum value is @code{0} and maximum is @code{blocky x blockx} (at
which point no frames will ever be detected as combed). This setting is known
as @option{MI} in TFM/VFM vocabulary.

Default value is @code{80}.
@end table

@anchor{p/c/n/u/b meaning}
@subsection p/c/n/u/b meaning

@subsubsection p/c/n

We assume the following telecined stream:

@example
Top fields:     1 2 2 3 4
Bottom fields:  1 2 3 4 4
@end example

The numbers correspond to the progressive frame the fields relate to. Here, the
first two frames are progressive, the 3rd and 4th are combed, and so on.

When @code{fieldmatch} is configured to run a matching from bottom
(@option{field}=@var{bottom}) this is how this input stream get transformed:

@example
Input stream:
                T     1 2 2 3 4
                B     1 2 3 4 4   <-- matching reference

Matches:              c c n n c

Output stream:
                T     1 2 3 4 4
                B     1 2 3 4 4
@end example

As a result of the field matching, we can see that some frames get duplicated.
To perform a complete inverse telecine, you need to rely on a decimation filter
after this operation. See for instance the @ref{decimate} filter.

The same operation now matching from top fields (@option{field}=@var{top})
looks like this:

@example
Input stream:
                T     1 2 2 3 4   <-- matching reference
                B     1 2 3 4 4

Matches:              c c p p c

Output stream:
                T     1 2 2 3 4
                B     1 2 2 3 4
@end example

In these examples, we can see what @var{p}, @var{c} and @var{n} mean;
basically, they refer to the frame and field of the opposite parity:

@itemize
@item @var{p} matches the field of the opposite parity in the previous frame
@item @var{c} matches the field of the opposite parity in the current frame
@item @var{n} matches the field of the opposite parity in the next frame
@end itemize

@subsubsection u/b

The @var{u} and @var{b} matching are a bit special in the sense that they match
from the opposite parity flag. In the following examples, we assume that we are
currently matching the 2nd frame (Top:2, bottom:2). According to the match, a
'x' is placed above and below each matched fields.

With bottom matching (@option{field}=@var{bottom}):
@example
Match:           c         p           n          b          u

                 x       x               x        x          x
  Top          1 2 2     1 2 2       1 2 2      1 2 2      1 2 2
  Bottom       1 2 3     1 2 3       1 2 3      1 2 3      1 2 3
                 x         x           x        x              x

Output frames:
                 2          1          2          2          2
                 2          2          2          1          3
@end example

With top matching (@option{field}=@var{top}):
@example
Match:           c         p           n          b          u

                 x         x           x        x              x
  Top          1 2 2     1 2 2       1 2 2      1 2 2      1 2 2
  Bottom       1 2 3     1 2 3       1 2 3      1 2 3      1 2 3
                 x       x               x        x          x

Output frames:
                 2          2          2          1          2
                 2          1          3          2          2
@end example

@subsection Examples

Simple IVTC of a top field first telecined stream:
@example
fieldmatch=order=tff:combmatch=none, decimate
@end example

Advanced IVTC, with fallback on @ref{yadif} for still combed frames:
@example
fieldmatch=order=tff:combmatch=full, yadif=deint=interlaced, decimate
@end example

@section fieldorder

Transform the field order of the input video.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item order
Output field order. Valid values are @var{tff} for top field first or @var{bff}
for bottom field first.
@end table

Default value is @samp{tff}.

Transformation is achieved by shifting the picture content up or down
by one line, and filling the remaining line with appropriate picture content.
This method is consistent with most broadcast field order converters.

If the input video is not flagged as being interlaced, or it is already
flagged as being of the required output field order then this filter does
not alter the incoming video.

This filter is very useful when converting to or from PAL DV material,
which is bottom field first.

For example:
@example
ffmpeg -i in.vob -vf "fieldorder=bff" out.dv
@end example

@section fifo

Buffer input images and send them when they are requested.

This filter is mainly useful when auto-inserted by the libavfilter
framework.

The filter does not take parameters.

@anchor{format}
@section format

Convert the input video to one of the specified pixel formats.
Libavfilter will try to pick one that is supported for the input to
the next filter.

This filter accepts the following parameters:
@table @option

@item pix_fmts
A '|'-separated list of pixel format names, for example
"pix_fmts=yuv420p|monow|rgb24".

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Convert the input video to the format @var{yuv420p}
@example
format=pix_fmts=yuv420p
@end example

Convert the input video to any of the formats in the list
@example
format=pix_fmts=yuv420p|yuv444p|yuv410p
@end example
@end itemize

@section fps

Convert the video to specified constant frame rate by duplicating or dropping
frames as necessary.

This filter accepts the following named parameters:
@table @option

@item fps
Desired output frame rate. The default is @code{25}.

@item round
Rounding method.

Possible values are:
@table @option
@item zero
zero round towards 0
@item inf
round away from 0
@item down
round towards -infinity
@item up
round towards +infinity
@item near
round to nearest
@end table
The default is @code{near}.

@item start_time
Assume the first PTS should be the given value, in seconds. This allows for
padding/trimming at the start of stream. By default, no assumption is made
about the first frame's expected PTS, so no padding or trimming is done.
For example, this could be set to 0 to pad the beginning with duplicates of
the first frame if a video stream starts after the audio stream or to trim any
frames with a negative PTS.

@end table

Alternatively, the options can be specified as a flat string:
@var{fps}[:@var{round}].

See also the @ref{setpts} filter.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
A typical usage in order to set the fps to 25:
@example
fps=fps=25
@end example

@item
Sets the fps to 24, using abbreviation and rounding method to round to nearest:
@example
fps=fps=film:round=near
@end example
@end itemize

@section framestep

Select one frame every N-th frame.

This filter accepts the following option:
@table @option
@item step
Select frame after every @code{step} frames.
Allowed values are positive integers higher than 0. Default value is @code{1}.
@end table

@anchor{frei0r}
@section frei0r

Apply a frei0r effect to the input video.

To enable compilation of this filter you need to install the frei0r
header and configure FFmpeg with @code{--enable-frei0r}.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item filter_name
The name to the frei0r effect to load. If the environment variable
@env{FREI0R_PATH} is defined, the frei0r effect is searched in each one of the
directories specified by the colon separated list in @env{FREIOR_PATH},
otherwise in the standard frei0r paths, which are in this order:
@file{HOME/.frei0r-1/lib/}, @file{/usr/local/lib/frei0r-1/},
@file{/usr/lib/frei0r-1/}.

@item filter_params
A '|'-separated list of parameters to pass to the frei0r effect.

@end table

A frei0r effect parameter can be a boolean (whose values are specified
with "y" and "n"), a double, a color (specified by the syntax
@var{R}/@var{G}/@var{B}, (@var{R}, @var{G}, and @var{B} being float
numbers from 0.0 to 1.0) or by a color description specified in the "Color"
section in the ffmpeg-utils manual), a position (specified by the syntax @var{X}/@var{Y},
@var{X} and @var{Y} being float numbers) and a string.

The number and kind of parameters depend on the loaded effect. If an
effect parameter is not specified the default value is set.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Apply the distort0r effect, set the first two double parameters:
@example
frei0r=filter_name=distort0r:filter_params=0.5|0.01
@end example

@item
Apply the colordistance effect, take a color as first parameter:
@example
frei0r=colordistance:0.2/0.3/0.4
frei0r=colordistance:violet
frei0r=colordistance:0x112233
@end example

@item
Apply the perspective effect, specify the top left and top right image
positions:
@example
frei0r=perspective:0.2/0.2|0.8/0.2
@end example
@end itemize

For more information see:
@url{http://frei0r.dyne.org}

@section geq

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item lum_expr, lum
Set the luminance expression.
@item cb_expr, cb
Set the chrominance blue expression.
@item cr_expr, cr
Set the chrominance red expression.
@item alpha_expr, a
Set the alpha expression.
@item red_expr, r
Set the red expression.
@item green_expr, g
Set the green expression.
@item blue_expr, b
Set the blue expression.
@end table

The colorspace is selected according to the specified options. If one
of the @option{lum_expr}, @option{cb_expr}, or @option{cr_expr}
options is specified, the filter will automatically select a YCbCr
colorspace. If one of the @option{red_expr}, @option{green_expr}, or
@option{blue_expr} options is specified, it will select an RGB
colorspace.

If one of the chrominance expression is not defined, it falls back on the other
one. If no alpha expression is specified it will evaluate to opaque value.
If none of chrominance expressions are specified, they will evaluate
to the luminance expression.

The expressions can use the following variables and functions:

@table @option
@item N
The sequential number of the filtered frame, starting from @code{0}.

@item X
@item Y
The coordinates of the current sample.

@item W
@item H
The width and height of the image.

@item SW
@item SH
Width and height scale depending on the currently filtered plane. It is the
ratio between the corresponding luma plane number of pixels and the current
plane ones. E.g. for YUV4:2:0 the values are @code{1,1} for the luma plane, and
@code{0.5,0.5} for chroma planes.

@item T
Time of the current frame, expressed in seconds.

@item p(x, y)
Return the value of the pixel at location (@var{x},@var{y}) of the current
plane.

@item lum(x, y)
Return the value of the pixel at location (@var{x},@var{y}) of the luminance
plane.

@item cb(x, y)
Return the value of the pixel at location (@var{x},@var{y}) of the
blue-difference chroma plane. Return 0 if there is no such plane.

@item cr(x, y)
Return the value of the pixel at location (@var{x},@var{y}) of the
red-difference chroma plane. Return 0 if there is no such plane.

@item r(x, y)
@item g(x, y)
@item b(x, y)
Return the value of the pixel at location (@var{x},@var{y}) of the
red/green/blue component. Return 0 if there is no such component.

@item alpha(x, y)
Return the value of the pixel at location (@var{x},@var{y}) of the alpha
plane. Return 0 if there is no such plane.
@end table

For functions, if @var{x} and @var{y} are outside the area, the value will be
automatically clipped to the closer edge.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Flip the image horizontally:
@example
geq=p(W-X\,Y)
@end example

@item
Generate a bidimensional sine wave, with angle @code{PI/3} and a
wavelength of 100 pixels:
@example
geq=128 + 100*sin(2*(PI/100)*(cos(PI/3)*(X-50*T) + sin(PI/3)*Y)):128:128
@end example

@item
Generate a fancy enigmatic moving light:
@example
nullsrc=s=256x256,geq=random(1)/hypot(X-cos(N*0.07)*W/2-W/2\,Y-sin(N*0.09)*H/2-H/2)^2*1000000*sin(N*0.02):128:128
@end example

@item
Generate a quick emboss effect:
@example
format=gray,geq=lum_expr='(p(X,Y)+(256-p(X-4,Y-4)))/2'
@end example

@item
Modify RGB components depending on pixel position:
@example
geq=r='X/W*r(X,Y)':g='(1-X/W)*g(X,Y)':b='(H-Y)/H*b(X,Y)'
@end example
@end itemize

@section gradfun

Fix the banding artifacts that are sometimes introduced into nearly flat
regions by truncation to 8bit color depth.
Interpolate the gradients that should go where the bands are, and
dither them.

This filter is designed for playback only.  Do not use it prior to
lossy compression, because compression tends to lose the dither and
bring back the bands.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item strength
The maximum amount by which the filter will change any one pixel. Also the
threshold for detecting nearly flat regions. Acceptable values range from .51 to
64, default value is 1.2, out-of-range values will be clipped to the valid
range.

@item radius
The neighborhood to fit the gradient to. A larger radius makes for smoother
gradients, but also prevents the filter from modifying the pixels near detailed
regions. Acceptable values are 8-32, default value is 16, out-of-range values
will be clipped to the valid range.

@end table

Alternatively, the options can be specified as a flat string:
@var{strength}[:@var{radius}]

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Apply the filter with a @code{3.5} strength and radius of @code{8}:
@example
gradfun=3.5:8
@end example

@item
Specify radius, omitting the strength (which will fall-back to the default
value):
@example
gradfun=radius=8
@end example

@end itemize

@anchor{haldclut}
@section haldclut

Apply a Hald CLUT to a video stream.

First input is the video stream to process, and second one is the Hald CLUT.
The Hald CLUT input can be a simple picture or a complete video stream.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item shortest
Force termination when the shortest input terminates. Default is @code{0}.
@item repeatlast
Continue applying the last CLUT after the end of the stream. A value of
@code{0} disable the filter after the last frame of the CLUT is reached.
Default is @code{1}.
@end table

@code{haldclut} also has the same interpolation options as @ref{lut3d} (both
filters share the same internals).

More information about the Hald CLUT can be found on Eskil Steenberg's website
(Hald CLUT author) at @url{http://www.quelsolaar.com/technology/clut.html}.

@subsection Workflow examples

@subsubsection Hald CLUT video stream

Generate an identity Hald CLUT stream altered with various effects:
@example
ffmpeg -f lavfi -i @ref{haldclutsrc}=8 -vf "hue=H=2*PI*t:s=sin(2*PI*t)+1, curves=cross_process" -t 10 -c:v ffv1 clut.nut
@end example

Note: make sure you use a lossless codec.

Then use it with @code{haldclut} to apply it on some random stream:
@example
ffmpeg -f lavfi -i mandelbrot -i clut.nut -filter_complex '[0][1] haldclut' -t 20 mandelclut.mkv
@end example

The Hald CLUT will be applied to the 10 first seconds (duration of
@file{clut.nut}), then the latest picture of that CLUT stream will be applied
to the remaining frames of the @code{mandelbrot} stream.

@subsubsection Hald CLUT with preview

A Hald CLUT is supposed to be a squared image of @code{Level*Level*Level} by
@code{Level*Level*Level} pixels. For a given Hald CLUT, FFmpeg will select the
biggest possible square starting at the top left of the picture. The remaining
padding pixels (bottom or right) will be ignored. This area can be used to add
a preview of the Hald CLUT.

Typically, the following generated Hald CLUT will be supported by the
@code{haldclut} filter:

@example
ffmpeg -f lavfi -i @ref{haldclutsrc}=8 -vf "
   pad=iw+320 [padded_clut];
   smptebars=s=320x256, split [a][b];
   [padded_clut][a] overlay=W-320:h, curves=color_negative [main];
   [main][b] overlay=W-320" -frames:v 1 clut.png
@end example

It contains the original and a preview of the effect of the CLUT: SMPTE color
bars are displayed on the right-top, and below the same color bars processed by
the color changes.

Then, the effect of this Hald CLUT can be visualized with:
@example
ffplay input.mkv -vf "movie=clut.png, [in] haldclut"
@end example

@section hflip

Flip the input video horizontally.

For example to horizontally flip the input video with @command{ffmpeg}:
@example
ffmpeg -i in.avi -vf "hflip" out.avi
@end example

@section histeq
This filter applies a global color histogram equalization on a
per-frame basis.

It can be used to correct video that has a compressed range of pixel
intensities.  The filter redistributes the pixel intensities to
equalize their distribution across the intensity range. It may be
viewed as an "automatically adjusting contrast filter". This filter is
useful only for correcting degraded or poorly captured source
video.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item strength
Determine the amount of equalization to be applied.  As the strength
is reduced, the distribution of pixel intensities more-and-more
approaches that of the input frame. The value must be a float number
in the range [0,1] and defaults to 0.200.

@item intensity
Set the maximum intensity that can generated and scale the output
values appropriately.  The strength should be set as desired and then
the intensity can be limited if needed to avoid washing-out. The value
must be a float number in the range [0,1] and defaults to 0.210.

@item antibanding
Set the antibanding level. If enabled the filter will randomly vary
the luminance of output pixels by a small amount to avoid banding of
the histogram. Possible values are @code{none}, @code{weak} or
@code{strong}. It defaults to @code{none}.
@end table

@section histogram

Compute and draw a color distribution histogram for the input video.

The computed histogram is a representation of distribution of color components
in an image.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item mode
Set histogram mode.

It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item levels
standard histogram that display color components distribution in an image.
Displays color graph for each color component. Shows distribution
of the Y, U, V, A or R, G, B components, depending on input format,
in current frame. Bellow each graph is color component scale meter.

@item color
chroma values in vectorscope, if brighter more such chroma values are
distributed in an image.
Displays chroma values (U/V color placement) in two dimensional graph
(which is called a vectorscope). It can be used to read of the hue and
saturation of the current frame. At a same time it is a histogram.
The whiter a pixel in the vectorscope, the more pixels of the input frame
correspond to that pixel (that is the more pixels have this chroma value).
The V component is displayed on the horizontal (X) axis, with the leftmost
side being V = 0 and the rightmost side being V = 255.
The U component is displayed on the vertical (Y) axis, with the top
representing U = 0 and the bottom representing U = 255.

The position of a white pixel in the graph corresponds to the chroma value
of a pixel of the input clip. So the graph can be used to read of the
hue (color flavor) and the saturation (the dominance of the hue in the color).
As the hue of a color changes, it moves around the square. At the center of
the square, the saturation is zero, which means that the corresponding pixel
has no color. If you increase the amount of a specific color, while leaving
the other colors unchanged, the saturation increases, and you move towards
the edge of the square.

@item color2
chroma values in vectorscope, similar as @code{color} but actual chroma values
are displayed.

@item waveform
per row/column color component graph. In row mode graph in the left side represents
color component value 0 and right side represents value = 255. In column mode top
side represents color component value = 0 and bottom side represents value = 255.
@end table
Default value is @code{levels}.

@item level_height
Set height of level in @code{levels}. Default value is @code{200}.
Allowed range is [50, 2048].

@item scale_height
Set height of color scale in @code{levels}. Default value is @code{12}.
Allowed range is [0, 40].

@item step
Set step for @code{waveform} mode. Smaller values are useful to find out how much
of same luminance values across input rows/columns are distributed.
Default value is @code{10}. Allowed range is [1, 255].

@item waveform_mode
Set mode for @code{waveform}. Can be either @code{row}, or @code{column}.
Default is @code{row}.

@item waveform_mirror
Set mirroring mode for @code{waveform}. @code{0} means unmirrored, @code{1}
means mirrored. In mirrored mode, higher values will be represented on the left
side for @code{row} mode and at the top for @code{column} mode. Default is
@code{0} (unmirrored).

@item display_mode
Set display mode for @code{waveform} and @code{levels}.
It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item parade
Display separate graph for the color components side by side in
@code{row} waveform mode or one below other in @code{column} waveform mode
for @code{waveform} histogram mode. For @code{levels} histogram mode
per color component graphs are placed one bellow other.

This display mode in @code{waveform} histogram mode makes it easy to spot
color casts in the highlights and shadows of an image, by comparing the
contours of the top and the bottom of each waveform.
Since whites, grays, and blacks are characterized by
exactly equal amounts of red, green, and blue, neutral areas of the
picture should display three waveforms of roughly equal width/height.
If not, the correction is easy to make by making adjustments to level the
three waveforms.

@item overlay
Presents information that's identical to that in the @code{parade}, except
that the graphs representing color components are superimposed directly
over one another.

This display mode in @code{waveform} histogram mode can make it easier to spot
the relative differences or similarities in overlapping areas of the color
components that are supposed to be identical, such as neutral whites, grays,
or blacks.
@end table
Default is @code{parade}.

@item levels_mode
Set mode for @code{levels}. Can be either @code{linear}, or @code{logarithmic}.
Default is @code{linear}.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize

@item
Calculate and draw histogram:
@example
ffplay -i input -vf histogram
@end example

@end itemize

@anchor{hqdn3d}
@section hqdn3d

High precision/quality 3d denoise filter. This filter aims to reduce
image noise producing smooth images and making still images really
still. It should enhance compressibility.

It accepts the following optional parameters:

@table @option
@item luma_spatial
a non-negative float number which specifies spatial luma strength,
defaults to 4.0

@item chroma_spatial
a non-negative float number which specifies spatial chroma strength,
defaults to 3.0*@var{luma_spatial}/4.0

@item luma_tmp
a float number which specifies luma temporal strength, defaults to
6.0*@var{luma_spatial}/4.0

@item chroma_tmp
a float number which specifies chroma temporal strength, defaults to
@var{luma_tmp}*@var{chroma_spatial}/@var{luma_spatial}
@end table

@section hue

Modify the hue and/or the saturation of the input.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item h
Specify the hue angle as a number of degrees. It accepts an expression,
and defaults to "0".

@item s
Specify the saturation in the [-10,10] range. It accepts an expression and
defaults to "1".

@item H
Specify the hue angle as a number of radians. It accepts an
expression, and defaults to "0".

@item b
Specify the brightness in the [-10,10] range. It accepts an expression and
defaults to "0".
@end table

@option{h} and @option{H} are mutually exclusive, and can't be
specified at the same time.

The @option{b}, @option{h}, @option{H} and @option{s} option values are
expressions containing the following constants:

@table @option
@item n
frame count of the input frame starting from 0

@item pts
presentation timestamp of the input frame expressed in time base units

@item r
frame rate of the input video, NAN if the input frame rate is unknown

@item t
timestamp expressed in seconds, NAN if the input timestamp is unknown

@item tb
time base of the input video
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Set the hue to 90 degrees and the saturation to 1.0:
@example
hue=h=90:s=1
@end example

@item
Same command but expressing the hue in radians:
@example
hue=H=PI/2:s=1
@end example

@item
Rotate hue and make the saturation swing between 0
and 2 over a period of 1 second:
@example
hue="H=2*PI*t: s=sin(2*PI*t)+1"
@end example

@item
Apply a 3 seconds saturation fade-in effect starting at 0:
@example
hue="s=min(t/3\,1)"
@end example

The general fade-in expression can be written as:
@example
hue="s=min(0\, max((t-START)/DURATION\, 1))"
@end example

@item
Apply a 3 seconds saturation fade-out effect starting at 5 seconds:
@example
hue="s=max(0\, min(1\, (8-t)/3))"
@end example

The general fade-out expression can be written as:
@example
hue="s=max(0\, min(1\, (START+DURATION-t)/DURATION))"
@end example

@end itemize

@subsection Commands

This filter supports the following commands:
@table @option
@item b
@item s
@item h
@item H
Modify the hue and/or the saturation and/or brightness of the input video.
The command accepts the same syntax of the corresponding option.

If the specified expression is not valid, it is kept at its current
value.
@end table

@section idet

Detect video interlacing type.

This filter tries to detect if the input is interlaced or progressive,
top or bottom field first.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item intl_thres
Set interlacing threshold.
@item prog_thres
Set progressive threshold.
@end table

@section il

Deinterleave or interleave fields.

This filter allows to process interlaced images fields without
deinterlacing them. Deinterleaving splits the input frame into 2
fields (so called half pictures). Odd lines are moved to the top
half of the output image, even lines to the bottom half.
You can process (filter) them independently and then re-interleave them.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item luma_mode, l
@item chroma_mode, c
@item alpha_mode, a
Available values for @var{luma_mode}, @var{chroma_mode} and
@var{alpha_mode} are:

@table @samp
@item none
Do nothing.

@item deinterleave, d
Deinterleave fields, placing one above the other.

@item interleave, i
Interleave fields. Reverse the effect of deinterleaving.
@end table
Default value is @code{none}.

@item luma_swap, ls
@item chroma_swap, cs
@item alpha_swap, as
Swap luma/chroma/alpha fields. Exchange even & odd lines. Default value is @code{0}.
@end table

@section interlace

Simple interlacing filter from progressive contents. This interleaves upper (or
lower) lines from odd frames with lower (or upper) lines from even frames,
halving the frame rate and preserving image height.

@example
   Original        Original             New Frame
   Frame 'j'      Frame 'j+1'             (tff)
  ==========      ===========       ==================
    Line 0  -------------------->    Frame 'j' Line 0
    Line 1          Line 1  ---->   Frame 'j+1' Line 1
    Line 2 --------------------->    Frame 'j' Line 2
    Line 3          Line 3  ---->   Frame 'j+1' Line 3
     ...             ...                   ...
New Frame + 1 will be generated by Frame 'j+2' and Frame 'j+3' and so on
@end example

It accepts the following optional parameters:

@table @option
@item scan
determines whether the interlaced frame is taken from the even (tff - default)
or odd (bff) lines of the progressive frame.

@item lowpass
Enable (default) or disable the vertical lowpass filter to avoid twitter
interlacing and reduce moire patterns.
@end table

@section kerndeint

Deinterlace input video by applying Donald Graft's adaptive kernel
deinterling. Work on interlaced parts of a video to produce
progressive frames.

The description of the accepted parameters follows.

@table @option
@item thresh
Set the threshold which affects the filter's tolerance when
determining if a pixel line must be processed. It must be an integer
in the range [0,255] and defaults to 10. A value of 0 will result in
applying the process on every pixels.

@item map
Paint pixels exceeding the threshold value to white if set to 1.
Default is 0.

@item order
Set the fields order. Swap fields if set to 1, leave fields alone if
0. Default is 0.

@item sharp
Enable additional sharpening if set to 1. Default is 0.

@item twoway
Enable twoway sharpening if set to 1. Default is 0.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Apply default values:
@example
kerndeint=thresh=10:map=0:order=0:sharp=0:twoway=0
@end example

@item
Enable additional sharpening:
@example
kerndeint=sharp=1
@end example

@item
Paint processed pixels in white:
@example
kerndeint=map=1
@end example
@end itemize

@anchor{lut3d}
@section lut3d

Apply a 3D LUT to an input video.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item file
Set the 3D LUT file name.

Currently supported formats:
@table @samp
@item 3dl
AfterEffects
@item cube
Iridas
@item dat
DaVinci
@item m3d
Pandora
@end table
@item interp
Select interpolation mode.

Available values are:

@table @samp
@item nearest
Use values from the nearest defined point.
@item trilinear
Interpolate values using the 8 points defining a cube.
@item tetrahedral
Interpolate values using a tetrahedron.
@end table
@end table

@section lut, lutrgb, lutyuv

Compute a look-up table for binding each pixel component input value
to an output value, and apply it to input video.

@var{lutyuv} applies a lookup table to a YUV input video, @var{lutrgb}
to an RGB input video.

These filters accept the following options:
@table @option
@item c0
set first pixel component expression
@item c1
set second pixel component expression
@item c2
set third pixel component expression
@item c3
set fourth pixel component expression, corresponds to the alpha component

@item r
set red component expression
@item g
set green component expression
@item b
set blue component expression
@item a
alpha component expression

@item y
set Y/luminance component expression
@item u
set U/Cb component expression
@item v
set V/Cr component expression
@end table

Each of them specifies the expression to use for computing the lookup table for
the corresponding pixel component values.

The exact component associated to each of the @var{c*} options depends on the
format in input.

The @var{lut} filter requires either YUV or RGB pixel formats in input,
@var{lutrgb} requires RGB pixel formats in input, and @var{lutyuv} requires YUV.

The expressions can contain the following constants and functions:

@table @option
@item w
@item h
the input width and height

@item val
input value for the pixel component

@item clipval
the input value clipped in the @var{minval}-@var{maxval} range

@item maxval
maximum value for the pixel component

@item minval
minimum value for the pixel component

@item negval
the negated value for the pixel component value clipped in the
@var{minval}-@var{maxval} range , it corresponds to the expression
"maxval-clipval+minval"

@item clip(val)
the computed value in @var{val} clipped in the
@var{minval}-@var{maxval} range

@item gammaval(gamma)
the computed gamma correction value of the pixel component value
clipped in the @var{minval}-@var{maxval} range, corresponds to the
expression
"pow((clipval-minval)/(maxval-minval)\,@var{gamma})*(maxval-minval)+minval"

@end table

All expressions default to "val".

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Negate input video:
@example
lutrgb="r=maxval+minval-val:g=maxval+minval-val:b=maxval+minval-val"
lutyuv="y=maxval+minval-val:u=maxval+minval-val:v=maxval+minval-val"
@end example

The above is the same as:
@example
lutrgb="r=negval:g=negval:b=negval"
lutyuv="y=negval:u=negval:v=negval"
@end example

@item
Negate luminance:
@example
lutyuv=y=negval
@end example

@item
Remove chroma components, turns the video into a graytone image:
@example
lutyuv="u=128:v=128"
@end example

@item
Apply a luma burning effect:
@example
lutyuv="y=2*val"
@end example

@item
Remove green and blue components:
@example
lutrgb="g=0:b=0"
@end example

@item
Set a constant alpha channel value on input:
@example
format=rgba,lutrgb=a="maxval-minval/2"
@end example

@item
Correct luminance gamma by a 0.5 factor:
@example
lutyuv=y=gammaval(0.5)
@end example

@item
Discard least significant bits of luma:
@example
lutyuv=y='bitand(val, 128+64+32)'
@end example
@end itemize

@section mergeplanes

Merge color channel components from several video streams.

The filter accepts up to 4 input streams, and merge selected input
planes to the output video.

This filter accepts the following options:
@table @option
@item mapping
Set input to output plane mapping. Default is @code{0}.

The mappings is specified as a bitmap. It should be specified as a
hexadecimal number in the form 0xAa[Bb[Cc[Dd]]]. 'Aa' describes the
mapping for the first plane of the output stream. 'A' sets the number of
the input stream to use (from 0 to 3), and 'a' the plane number of the
corresponding input to use (from 0 to 3). The rest of the mappings is
similar, 'Bb' describes the mapping for the output stream second
plane, 'Cc' describes the mapping for the output stream third plane and
'Dd' describes the mapping for the output stream fourth plane.

@item format
Set output pixel format. Default is @code{yuva444p}.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Merge three gray video streams of same width and height into single video stream:
@example
[a0][a1][a2]mergeplanes=0x001020:yuv444p
@end example

@item
Merge 1st yuv444p stream and 2nd gray video stream into yuva444p video stream:
@example
[a0][a1]mergeplanes=0x00010210:yuva444p
@end example

@item
Swap Y and A plane in yuva444p stream:
@example
format=yuva444p,mergeplanes=0x03010200:yuva444p
@end example

@item
Swap U and V plane in yuv420p stream:
@example
format=yuv420p,mergeplanes=0x000201:yuv420p
@end example

@item
Cast a rgb24 clip to yuv444p:
@example
format=rgb24,mergeplanes=0x000102:yuv444p
@end example
@end itemize

@section mcdeint

Apply motion-compensation deinterlacing.

It needs one field per frame as input and must thus be used together
with yadif=1/3 or equivalent.

This filter accepts the following options:
@table @option
@item mode
Set the deinterlacing mode.

It accepts one of the following values:
@table @samp
@item fast
@item medium
@item slow
use iterative motion estimation
@item extra_slow
like @samp{slow}, but use multiple reference frames.
@end table
Default value is @samp{fast}.

@item parity
Set the picture field parity assumed for the input video. It must be
one of the following values:

@table @samp
@item 0, tff
assume top field first
@item 1, bff
assume bottom field first
@end table

Default value is @samp{bff}.

@item qp
Set per-block quantization parameter (QP) used by the internal
encoder.

Higher values should result in a smoother motion vector field but less
optimal individual vectors. Default value is 1.
@end table

@section mp

Apply an MPlayer filter to the input video.

This filter provides a wrapper around some of the filters of
MPlayer/MEncoder.

This wrapper is considered experimental. Some of the wrapped filters
may not work properly and we may drop support for them, as they will
be implemented natively into FFmpeg. Thus you should avoid
depending on them when writing portable scripts.

The filter accepts the parameters:
@var{filter_name}[:=]@var{filter_params}

@var{filter_name} is the name of a supported MPlayer filter,
@var{filter_params} is a string containing the parameters accepted by
the named filter.

The list of the currently supported filters follows:
@table @var
@item eq2
@item eq
@item fspp
@item ilpack
@item pp7
@item softpulldown
@item uspp
@end table

The parameter syntax and behavior for the listed filters are the same
of the corresponding MPlayer filters. For detailed instructions check
the "VIDEO FILTERS" section in the MPlayer manual.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Adjust gamma, brightness, contrast:
@example
mp=eq2=1.0:2:0.5
@end example
@end itemize

See also mplayer(1), @url{http://www.mplayerhq.hu/}.

@section mpdecimate

Drop frames that do not differ greatly from the previous frame in
order to reduce frame rate.

The main use of this filter is for very-low-bitrate encoding
(e.g. streaming over dialup modem), but it could in theory be used for
fixing movies that were inverse-telecined incorrectly.

A description of the accepted options follows.

@table @option
@item max
Set the maximum number of consecutive frames which can be dropped (if
positive), or the minimum interval between dropped frames (if
negative). If the value is 0, the frame is dropped unregarding the
number of previous sequentially dropped frames.

Default value is 0.

@item hi
@item lo
@item frac
Set the dropping threshold values.

Values for @option{hi} and @option{lo} are for 8x8 pixel blocks and
represent actual pixel value differences, so a threshold of 64
corresponds to 1 unit of difference for each pixel, or the same spread
out differently over the block.

A frame is a candidate for dropping if no 8x8 blocks differ by more
than a threshold of @option{hi}, and if no more than @option{frac} blocks (1
meaning the whole image) differ by more than a threshold of @option{lo}.

Default value for @option{hi} is 64*12, default value for @option{lo} is
64*5, and default value for @option{frac} is 0.33.
@end table


@section negate

Negate input video.

This filter accepts an integer in input, if non-zero it negates the
alpha component (if available). The default value in input is 0.

@section noformat

Force libavfilter not to use any of the specified pixel formats for the
input to the next filter.

This filter accepts the following parameters:
@table @option

@item pix_fmts
A '|'-separated list of pixel format names, for example
"pix_fmts=yuv420p|monow|rgb24".

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Force libavfilter to use a format different from @var{yuv420p} for the
input to the vflip filter:
@example
noformat=pix_fmts=yuv420p,vflip
@end example

@item
Convert the input video to any of the formats not contained in the list:
@example
noformat=yuv420p|yuv444p|yuv410p
@end example
@end itemize

@section noise

Add noise on video input frame.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item all_seed
@item c0_seed
@item c1_seed
@item c2_seed
@item c3_seed
Set noise seed for specific pixel component or all pixel components in case
of @var{all_seed}. Default value is @code{123457}.

@item all_strength, alls
@item c0_strength, c0s
@item c1_strength, c1s
@item c2_strength, c2s
@item c3_strength, c3s
Set noise strength for specific pixel component or all pixel components in case
@var{all_strength}. Default value is @code{0}. Allowed range is [0, 100].

@item all_flags, allf
@item c0_flags, c0f
@item c1_flags, c1f
@item c2_flags, c2f
@item c3_flags, c3f
Set pixel component flags or set flags for all components if @var{all_flags}.
Available values for component flags are:
@table @samp
@item a
averaged temporal noise (smoother)
@item p
mix random noise with a (semi)regular pattern
@item t
temporal noise (noise pattern changes between frames)
@item u
uniform noise (gaussian otherwise)
@end table
@end table

@subsection Examples

Add temporal and uniform noise to input video:
@example
noise=alls=20:allf=t+u
@end example

@section null

Pass the video source unchanged to the output.

@section ocv

Apply video transform using libopencv.

To enable this filter install libopencv library and headers and
configure FFmpeg with @code{--enable-libopencv}.

This filter accepts the following parameters:

@table @option

@item filter_name
The name of the libopencv filter to apply.

@item filter_params
The parameters to pass to the libopencv filter. If not specified the default
values are assumed.

@end table

Refer to the official libopencv documentation for more precise
information:
@url{http://opencv.willowgarage.com/documentation/c/image_filtering.html}

Follows the list of supported libopencv filters.

@anchor{dilate}
@subsection dilate

Dilate an image by using a specific structuring element.
This filter corresponds to the libopencv function @code{cvDilate}.

It accepts the parameters: @var{struct_el}|@var{nb_iterations}.

@var{struct_el} represents a structuring element, and has the syntax:
@var{cols}x@var{rows}+@var{anchor_x}x@var{anchor_y}/@var{shape}

@var{cols} and @var{rows} represent the number of columns and rows of
the structuring element, @var{anchor_x} and @var{anchor_y} the anchor
point, and @var{shape} the shape for the structuring element, and
can be one of the values "rect", "cross", "ellipse", "custom".

If the value for @var{shape} is "custom", it must be followed by a
string of the form "=@var{filename}". The file with name
@var{filename} is assumed to represent a binary image, with each
printable character corresponding to a bright pixel. When a custom
@var{shape} is used, @var{cols} and @var{rows} are ignored, the number
or columns and rows of the read file are assumed instead.

The default value for @var{struct_el} is "3x3+0x0/rect".

@var{nb_iterations} specifies the number of times the transform is
applied to the image, and defaults to 1.

Follow some example:
@example
# use the default values
ocv=dilate

# dilate using a structuring element with a 5x5 cross, iterate two times
ocv=filter_name=dilate:filter_params=5x5+2x2/cross|2

# read the shape from the file diamond.shape, iterate two times
# the file diamond.shape may contain a pattern of characters like this:
#   *
#  ***
# *****
#  ***
#   *
# the specified cols and rows are ignored (but not the anchor point coordinates)
ocv=dilate:0x0+2x2/custom=diamond.shape|2
@end example

@subsection erode

Erode an image by using a specific structuring element.
This filter corresponds to the libopencv function @code{cvErode}.

The filter accepts the parameters: @var{struct_el}:@var{nb_iterations},
with the same syntax and semantics as the @ref{dilate} filter.

@subsection smooth

Smooth the input video.

The filter takes the following parameters:
@var{type}|@var{param1}|@var{param2}|@var{param3}|@var{param4}.

@var{type} is the type of smooth filter to apply, and can be one of
the following values: "blur", "blur_no_scale", "median", "gaussian",
"bilateral". The default value is "gaussian".

@var{param1}, @var{param2}, @var{param3}, and @var{param4} are
parameters whose meanings depend on smooth type. @var{param1} and
@var{param2} accept integer positive values or 0, @var{param3} and
@var{param4} accept float values.

The default value for @var{param1} is 3, the default value for the
other parameters is 0.

These parameters correspond to the parameters assigned to the
libopencv function @code{cvSmooth}.

@anchor{overlay}
@section overlay

Overlay one video on top of another.

It takes two inputs and one output, the first input is the "main"
video on which the second input is overlayed.

This filter accepts the following parameters:

A description of the accepted options follows.

@table @option
@item x
@item y
Set the expression for the x and y coordinates of the overlayed video
on the main video. Default value is "0" for both expressions. In case
the expression is invalid, it is set to a huge value (meaning that the
overlay will not be displayed within the output visible area).

@item eval
Set when the expressions for @option{x}, and @option{y} are evaluated.

It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item init
only evaluate expressions once during the filter initialization or
when a command is processed

@item frame
evaluate expressions for each incoming frame
@end table

Default value is @samp{frame}.

@item shortest
If set to 1, force the output to terminate when the shortest input
terminates. Default value is 0.

@item format
Set the format for the output video.

It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item yuv420
force YUV420 output

@item yuv444
force YUV444 output

@item rgb
force RGB output
@end table

Default value is @samp{yuv420}.

@item rgb @emph{(deprecated)}
If set to 1, force the filter to accept inputs in the RGB
color space. Default value is 0. This option is deprecated, use
@option{format} instead.

@item repeatlast
If set to 1, force the filter to draw the last overlay frame over the
main input until the end of the stream. A value of 0 disables this
behavior. Default value is 1.
@end table

The @option{x}, and @option{y} expressions can contain the following
parameters.

@table @option
@item main_w, W
@item main_h, H
main input width and height

@item overlay_w, w
@item overlay_h, h
overlay input width and height

@item x
@item y
the computed values for @var{x} and @var{y}. They are evaluated for
each new frame.

@item hsub
@item vsub
horizontal and vertical chroma subsample values of the output
format. For example for the pixel format "yuv422p" @var{hsub} is 2 and
@var{vsub} is 1.

@item n
the number of input frame, starting from 0

@item pos
the position in the file of the input frame, NAN if unknown

@item t
timestamp expressed in seconds, NAN if the input timestamp is unknown
@end table

Note that the @var{n}, @var{pos}, @var{t} variables are available only
when evaluation is done @emph{per frame}, and will evaluate to NAN
when @option{eval} is set to @samp{init}.

Be aware that frames are taken from each input video in timestamp
order, hence, if their initial timestamps differ, it is a good idea
to pass the two inputs through a @var{setpts=PTS-STARTPTS} filter to
have them begin in the same zero timestamp, as it does the example for
the @var{movie} filter.

You can chain together more overlays but you should test the
efficiency of such approach.

@subsection Commands

This filter supports the following commands:
@table @option
@item x
@item y
Modify the x and y of the overlay input.
The command accepts the same syntax of the corresponding option.

If the specified expression is not valid, it is kept at its current
value.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Draw the overlay at 10 pixels from the bottom right corner of the main
video:
@example
overlay=main_w-overlay_w-10:main_h-overlay_h-10
@end example

Using named options the example above becomes:
@example
overlay=x=main_w-overlay_w-10:y=main_h-overlay_h-10
@end example

@item
Insert a transparent PNG logo in the bottom left corner of the input,
using the @command{ffmpeg} tool with the @code{-filter_complex} option:
@example
ffmpeg -i input -i logo -filter_complex 'overlay=10:main_h-overlay_h-10' output
@end example

@item
Insert 2 different transparent PNG logos (second logo on bottom
right corner) using the @command{ffmpeg} tool:
@example
ffmpeg -i input -i logo1 -i logo2 -filter_complex 'overlay=x=10:y=H-h-10,overlay=x=W-w-10:y=H-h-10' output
@end example

@item
Add a transparent color layer on top of the main video, @code{WxH}
must specify the size of the main input to the overlay filter:
@example
color=color=red@@.3:size=WxH [over]; [in][over] overlay [out]
@end example

@item
Play an original video and a filtered version (here with the deshake
filter) side by side using the @command{ffplay} tool:
@example
ffplay input.avi -vf 'split[a][b]; [a]pad=iw*2:ih[src]; [b]deshake[filt]; [src][filt]overlay=w'
@end example

The above command is the same as:
@example
ffplay input.avi -vf 'split[b], pad=iw*2[src], [b]deshake, [src]overlay=w'
@end example

@item
Make a sliding overlay appearing from the left to the right top part of the
screen starting since time 2:
@example
overlay=x='if(gte(t,2), -w+(t-2)*20, NAN)':y=0
@end example

@item
Compose output by putting two input videos side to side:
@example
ffmpeg -i left.avi -i right.avi -filter_complex "
nullsrc=size=200x100 [background];
[0:v] setpts=PTS-STARTPTS, scale=100x100 [left];
[1:v] setpts=PTS-STARTPTS, scale=100x100 [right];
[background][left]       overlay=shortest=1       [background+left];
[background+left][right] overlay=shortest=1:x=100 [left+right]
"
@end example

@item
Chain several overlays in cascade:
@example
nullsrc=s=200x200 [bg];
testsrc=s=100x100, split=4 [in0][in1][in2][in3];
[in0] lutrgb=r=0, [bg]   overlay=0:0     [mid0];
[in1] lutrgb=g=0, [mid0] overlay=100:0   [mid1];
[in2] lutrgb=b=0, [mid1] overlay=0:100   [mid2];
[in3] null,       [mid2] overlay=100:100 [out0]
@end example

@end itemize

@section owdenoise

Apply Overcomplete Wavelet denoiser.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item depth
Set depth.

Larger depth values will denoise lower frequency components more, but
slow down filtering.

Must be an int in the range 8-16, default is @code{8}.

@item luma_strength, ls
Set luma strength.

Must be a double value in the range 0-1000, default is @code{1.0}.

@item chroma_strength, cs
Set chroma strength.

Must be a double value in the range 0-1000, default is @code{1.0}.
@end table

@section pad

Add paddings to the input image, and place the original input at the
given coordinates @var{x}, @var{y}.

This filter accepts the following parameters:

@table @option
@item width, w
@item height, h
Specify an expression for the size of the output image with the
paddings added. If the value for @var{width} or @var{height} is 0, the
corresponding input size is used for the output.

The @var{width} expression can reference the value set by the
@var{height} expression, and vice versa.

The default value of @var{width} and @var{height} is 0.

@item x
@item y
Specify an expression for the offsets where to place the input image
in the padded area with respect to the top/left border of the output
image.

The @var{x} expression can reference the value set by the @var{y}
expression, and vice versa.

The default value of @var{x} and @var{y} is 0.

@item color
Specify the color of the padded area. For the syntax of this option,
check the "Color" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual.

The default value of @var{color} is "black".
@end table

The value for the @var{width}, @var{height}, @var{x}, and @var{y}
options are expressions containing the following constants:

@table @option
@item in_w
@item in_h
the input video width and height

@item iw
@item ih
same as @var{in_w} and @var{in_h}

@item out_w
@item out_h
the output width and height, that is the size of the padded area as
specified by the @var{width} and @var{height} expressions

@item ow
@item oh
same as @var{out_w} and @var{out_h}

@item x
@item y
x and y offsets as specified by the @var{x} and @var{y}
expressions, or NAN if not yet specified

@item a
same as @var{iw} / @var{ih}

@item sar
input sample aspect ratio

@item dar
input display aspect ratio, it is the same as (@var{iw} / @var{ih}) * @var{sar}

@item hsub
@item vsub
horizontal and vertical chroma subsample values. For example for the
pixel format "yuv422p" @var{hsub} is 2 and @var{vsub} is 1.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Add paddings with color "violet" to the input video. Output video
size is 640x480, the top-left corner of the input video is placed at
column 0, row 40:
@example
pad=640:480:0:40:violet
@end example

The example above is equivalent to the following command:
@example
pad=width=640:height=480:x=0:y=40:color=violet
@end example

@item
Pad the input to get an output with dimensions increased by 3/2,
and put the input video at the center of the padded area:
@example
pad="3/2*iw:3/2*ih:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2"
@end example

@item
Pad the input to get a squared output with size equal to the maximum
value between the input width and height, and put the input video at
the center of the padded area:
@example
pad="max(iw\,ih):ow:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2"
@end example

@item
Pad the input to get a final w/h ratio of 16:9:
@example
pad="ih*16/9:ih:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2"
@end example

@item
In case of anamorphic video, in order to set the output display aspect
correctly, it is necessary to use @var{sar} in the expression,
according to the relation:
@example
(ih * X / ih) * sar = output_dar
X = output_dar / sar
@end example

Thus the previous example needs to be modified to:
@example
pad="ih*16/9/sar:ih:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2"
@end example

@item
Double output size and put the input video in the bottom-right
corner of the output padded area:
@example
pad="2*iw:2*ih:ow-iw:oh-ih"
@end example
@end itemize

@section perspective

Correct perspective of video not recorded perpendicular to the screen.

A description of the accepted parameters follows.

@table @option
@item x0
@item y0
@item x1
@item y1
@item x2
@item y2
@item x3
@item y3
Set coordinates expression for top left, top right, bottom left and bottom right corners.
Default values are @code{0:0:W:0:0:H:W:H} with which perspective will remain unchanged.

The expressions can use the following variables:

@table @option
@item W
@item H
the width and height of video frame.
@end table

@item interpolation
Set interpolation for perspective correction.

It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item linear
@item cubic
@end table

Default value is @samp{linear}.
@end table

@section phase

Delay interlaced video by one field time so that the field order changes.

The intended use is to fix PAL movies that have been captured with the
opposite field order to the film-to-video transfer.

A description of the accepted parameters follows.

@table @option
@item mode
Set phase mode.

It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item t
Capture field order top-first, transfer bottom-first.
Filter will delay the bottom field.

@item b
Capture field order bottom-first, transfer top-first.
Filter will delay the top field.

@item p
Capture and transfer with the same field order. This mode only exists
for the documentation of the other options to refer to, but if you
actually select it, the filter will faithfully do nothing.

@item a
Capture field order determined automatically by field flags, transfer
opposite.
Filter selects among @samp{t} and @samp{b} modes on a frame by frame
basis using field flags. If no field information is available,
then this works just like @samp{u}.

@item u
Capture unknown or varying, transfer opposite.
Filter selects among @samp{t} and @samp{b} on a frame by frame basis by
analyzing the images and selecting the alternative that produces best
match between the fields.

@item T
Capture top-first, transfer unknown or varying.
Filter selects among @samp{t} and @samp{p} using image analysis.

@item B
Capture bottom-first, transfer unknown or varying.
Filter selects among @samp{b} and @samp{p} using image analysis.

@item A
Capture determined by field flags, transfer unknown or varying.
Filter selects among @samp{t}, @samp{b} and @samp{p} using field flags and
image analysis. If no field information is available, then this works just
like @samp{U}. This is the default mode.

@item U
Both capture and transfer unknown or varying.
Filter selects among @samp{t}, @samp{b} and @samp{p} using image analysis only.
@end table
@end table

@section pixdesctest

Pixel format descriptor test filter, mainly useful for internal
testing. The output video should be equal to the input video.

For example:
@example
format=monow, pixdesctest
@end example

can be used to test the monowhite pixel format descriptor definition.

@section pp

Enable the specified chain of postprocessing subfilters using libpostproc. This
library should be automatically selected with a GPL build (@code{--enable-gpl}).
Subfilters must be separated by '/' and can be disabled by prepending a '-'.
Each subfilter and some options have a short and a long name that can be used
interchangeably, i.e. dr/dering are the same.

The filters accept the following options:

@table @option
@item subfilters
Set postprocessing subfilters string.
@end table

All subfilters share common options to determine their scope:

@table @option
@item a/autoq
Honor the quality commands for this subfilter.

@item c/chrom
Do chrominance filtering, too (default).

@item y/nochrom
Do luminance filtering only (no chrominance).

@item n/noluma
Do chrominance filtering only (no luminance).
@end table

These options can be appended after the subfilter name, separated by a '|'.

Available subfilters are:

@table @option
@item hb/hdeblock[|difference[|flatness]]
Horizontal deblocking filter
@table @option
@item difference
Difference factor where higher values mean more deblocking (default: @code{32}).
@item flatness
Flatness threshold where lower values mean more deblocking (default: @code{39}).
@end table

@item vb/vdeblock[|difference[|flatness]]
Vertical deblocking filter
@table @option
@item difference
Difference factor where higher values mean more deblocking (default: @code{32}).
@item flatness
Flatness threshold where lower values mean more deblocking (default: @code{39}).
@end table

@item ha/hadeblock[|difference[|flatness]]
Accurate horizontal deblocking filter
@table @option
@item difference
Difference factor where higher values mean more deblocking (default: @code{32}).
@item flatness
Flatness threshold where lower values mean more deblocking (default: @code{39}).
@end table

@item va/vadeblock[|difference[|flatness]]
Accurate vertical deblocking filter
@table @option
@item difference
Difference factor where higher values mean more deblocking (default: @code{32}).
@item flatness
Flatness threshold where lower values mean more deblocking (default: @code{39}).
@end table
@end table

The horizontal and vertical deblocking filters share the difference and
flatness values so you cannot set different horizontal and vertical
thresholds.

@table @option
@item h1/x1hdeblock
Experimental horizontal deblocking filter

@item v1/x1vdeblock
Experimental vertical deblocking filter

@item dr/dering
Deringing filter

@item tn/tmpnoise[|threshold1[|threshold2[|threshold3]]], temporal noise reducer
@table @option
@item threshold1
larger -> stronger filtering
@item threshold2
larger -> stronger filtering
@item threshold3
larger -> stronger filtering
@end table

@item al/autolevels[:f/fullyrange], automatic brightness / contrast correction
@table @option
@item f/fullyrange
Stretch luminance to @code{0-255}.
@end table

@item lb/linblenddeint
Linear blend deinterlacing filter that deinterlaces the given block by
filtering all lines with a @code{(1 2 1)} filter.

@item li/linipoldeint
Linear interpolating deinterlacing filter that deinterlaces the given block by
linearly interpolating every second line.

@item ci/cubicipoldeint
Cubic interpolating deinterlacing filter deinterlaces the given block by
cubically interpolating every second line.

@item md/mediandeint
Median deinterlacing filter that deinterlaces the given block by applying a
median filter to every second line.

@item fd/ffmpegdeint
FFmpeg deinterlacing filter that deinterlaces the given block by filtering every
second line with a @code{(-1 4 2 4 -1)} filter.

@item l5/lowpass5
Vertically applied FIR lowpass deinterlacing filter that deinterlaces the given
block by filtering all lines with a @code{(-1 2 6 2 -1)} filter.

@item fq/forceQuant[|quantizer]
Overrides the quantizer table from the input with the constant quantizer you
specify.
@table @option
@item quantizer
Quantizer to use
@end table

@item de/default
Default pp filter combination (@code{hb|a,vb|a,dr|a})

@item fa/fast
Fast pp filter combination (@code{h1|a,v1|a,dr|a})

@item ac
High quality pp filter combination (@code{ha|a|128|7,va|a,dr|a})
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Apply horizontal and vertical deblocking, deringing and automatic
brightness/contrast:
@example
pp=hb/vb/dr/al
@end example

@item
Apply default filters without brightness/contrast correction:
@example
pp=de/-al
@end example

@item
Apply default filters and temporal denoiser:
@example
pp=default/tmpnoise|1|2|3
@end example

@item
Apply deblocking on luminance only, and switch vertical deblocking on or off
automatically depending on available CPU time:
@example
pp=hb|y/vb|a
@end example
@end itemize

@section psnr

Obtain the average, maximum and minimum PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise
Ratio) between two input videos.

This filter takes in input two input videos, the first input is
considered the "main" source and is passed unchanged to the
output. The second input is used as a "reference" video for computing
the PSNR.

Both video inputs must have the same resolution and pixel format for
this filter to work correctly. Also it assumes that both inputs
have the same number of frames, which are compared one by one.

The obtained average PSNR is printed through the logging system.

The filter stores the accumulated MSE (mean squared error) of each
frame, and at the end of the processing it is averaged across all frames
equally, and the following formula is applied to obtain the PSNR:

@example
PSNR = 10*log10(MAX^2/MSE)
@end example

Where MAX is the average of the maximum values of each component of the
image.

The description of the accepted parameters follows.

@table @option
@item stats_file, f
If specified the filter will use the named file to save the PSNR of
each individual frame.
@end table

The file printed if @var{stats_file} is selected, contains a sequence of
key/value pairs of the form @var{key}:@var{value} for each compared
couple of frames.

A description of each shown parameter follows:

@table @option
@item n
sequential number of the input frame, starting from 1

@item mse_avg
Mean Square Error pixel-by-pixel average difference of the compared
frames, averaged over all the image components.

@item mse_y, mse_u, mse_v, mse_r, mse_g, mse_g, mse_a
Mean Square Error pixel-by-pixel average difference of the compared
frames for the component specified by the suffix.

@item psnr_y, psnr_u, psnr_v, psnr_r, psnr_g, psnr_b, psnr_a
Peak Signal to Noise ratio of the compared frames for the component
specified by the suffix.
@end table

For example:
@example
movie=ref_movie.mpg, setpts=PTS-STARTPTS [main];
[main][ref] psnr="stats_file=stats.log" [out]
@end example

On this example the input file being processed is compared with the
reference file @file{ref_movie.mpg}. The PSNR of each individual frame
is stored in @file{stats.log}.

@section pullup

Pulldown reversal (inverse telecine) filter, capable of handling mixed
hard-telecine, 24000/1001 fps progressive, and 30000/1001 fps progressive
content.

The pullup filter is designed to take advantage of future context in making
its decisions. This filter is stateless in the sense that it does not lock
onto a pattern to follow, but it instead looks forward to the following
fields in order to identify matches and rebuild progressive frames.

To produce content with an even framerate, insert the fps filter after
pullup, use @code{fps=24000/1001} if the input frame rate is 29.97fps,
@code{fps=24} for 30fps and the (rare) telecined 25fps input.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item jl
@item jr
@item jt
@item jb
These options set the amount of "junk" to ignore at the left, right, top, and
bottom of the image, respectively. Left and right are in units of 8 pixels,
while top and bottom are in units of 2 lines.
The default is 8 pixels on each side.

@item sb
Set the strict breaks. Setting this option to 1 will reduce the chances of
filter generating an occasional mismatched frame, but it may also cause an
excessive number of frames to be dropped during high motion sequences.
Conversely, setting it to -1 will make filter match fields more easily.
This may help processing of video where there is slight blurring between
the fields, but may also cause there to be interlaced frames in the output.
Default value is @code{0}.

@item mp
Set the metric plane to use. It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item l
Use luma plane.

@item u
Use chroma blue plane.

@item v
Use chroma red plane.
@end table

This option may be set to use chroma plane instead of the default luma plane
for doing filter's computations. This may improve accuracy on very clean
source material, but more likely will decrease accuracy, especially if there
is chroma noise (rainbow effect) or any grayscale video.
The main purpose of setting @option{mp} to a chroma plane is to reduce CPU
load and make pullup usable in realtime on slow machines.
@end table

For best results (without duplicated frames in the output file) it is
necessary to change the output frame rate. For example, to inverse
telecine NTSC input:
@example
ffmpeg -i input -vf pullup -r 24000/1001 ...
@end example

@section removelogo

Suppress a TV station logo, using an image file to determine which
pixels comprise the logo. It works by filling in the pixels that
comprise the logo with neighboring pixels.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item filename, f
Set the filter bitmap file, which can be any image format supported by
libavformat. The width and height of the image file must match those of the
video stream being processed.
@end table

Pixels in the provided bitmap image with a value of zero are not
considered part of the logo, non-zero pixels are considered part of
the logo. If you use white (255) for the logo and black (0) for the
rest, you will be safe. For making the filter bitmap, it is
recommended to take a screen capture of a black frame with the logo
visible, and then using a threshold filter followed by the erode
filter once or twice.

If needed, little splotches can be fixed manually. Remember that if
logo pixels are not covered, the filter quality will be much
reduced. Marking too many pixels as part of the logo does not hurt as
much, but it will increase the amount of blurring needed to cover over
the image and will destroy more information than necessary, and extra
pixels will slow things down on a large logo.

@section rotate

Rotate video by an arbitrary angle expressed in radians.

The filter accepts the following options:

A description of the optional parameters follows.
@table @option
@item angle, a
Set an expression for the angle by which to rotate the input video
clockwise, expressed as a number of radians. A negative value will
result in a counter-clockwise rotation. By default it is set to "0".

This expression is evaluated for each frame.

@item out_w, ow
Set the output width expression, default value is "iw".
This expression is evaluated just once during configuration.

@item out_h, oh
Set the output height expression, default value is "ih".
This expression is evaluated just once during configuration.

@item bilinear
Enable bilinear interpolation if set to 1, a value of 0 disables
it. Default value is 1.

@item fillcolor, c
Set the color used to fill the output area not covered by the rotated
image. For the generalsyntax of this option, check the "Color" section in the
ffmpeg-utils manual. If the special value "none" is selected then no
background is printed (useful for example if the background is never shown).

Default value is "black".
@end table

The expressions for the angle and the output size can contain the
following constants and functions:

@table @option
@item n
sequential number of the input frame, starting from 0. It is always NAN
before the first frame is filtered.

@item t
time in seconds of the input frame, it is set to 0 when the filter is
configured. It is always NAN before the first frame is filtered.

@item hsub
@item vsub
horizontal and vertical chroma subsample values. For example for the
pixel format "yuv422p" @var{hsub} is 2 and @var{vsub} is 1.

@item in_w, iw
@item in_h, ih
the input video width and heigth

@item out_w, ow
@item out_h, oh
the output width and heigth, that is the size of the padded area as
specified by the @var{width} and @var{height} expressions

@item rotw(a)
@item roth(a)
the minimal width/height required for completely containing the input
video rotated by @var{a} radians.

These are only available when computing the @option{out_w} and
@option{out_h} expressions.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Rotate the input by PI/6 radians clockwise:
@example
rotate=PI/6
@end example

@item
Rotate the input by PI/6 radians counter-clockwise:
@example
rotate=-PI/6
@end example

@item
Apply a constant rotation with period T, starting from an angle of PI/3:
@example
rotate=PI/3+2*PI*t/T
@end example

@item
Make the input video rotation oscillating with a period of T
seconds and an amplitude of A radians:
@example
rotate=A*sin(2*PI/T*t)
@end example

@item
Rotate the video, output size is choosen so that the whole rotating
input video is always completely contained in the output:
@example
rotate='2*PI*t:ow=hypot(iw,ih):oh=ow'
@end example

@item
Rotate the video, reduce the output size so that no background is ever
shown:
@example
rotate=2*PI*t:ow='min(iw,ih)/sqrt(2)':oh=ow:c=none
@end example
@end itemize

@subsection Commands

The filter supports the following commands:

@table @option
@item a, angle
Set the angle expression.
The command accepts the same syntax of the corresponding option.

If the specified expression is not valid, it is kept at its current
value.
@end table

@section sab

Apply Shape Adaptive Blur.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item luma_radius, lr
Set luma blur filter strength, must be a value in range 0.1-4.0, default
value is 1.0. A greater value will result in a more blurred image, and
in slower processing.

@item luma_pre_filter_radius, lpfr
Set luma pre-filter radius, must be a value in the 0.1-2.0 range, default
value is 1.0.

@item luma_strength, ls
Set luma maximum difference between pixels to still be considered, must
be a value in the 0.1-100.0 range, default value is 1.0.

@item chroma_radius, cr
Set chroma blur filter strength, must be a value in range 0.1-4.0. A
greater value will result in a more blurred image, and in slower
processing.

@item chroma_pre_filter_radius, cpfr
Set chroma pre-filter radius, must be a value in the 0.1-2.0 range.

@item chroma_strength, cs
Set chroma maximum difference between pixels to still be considered,
must be a value in the 0.1-100.0 range.
@end table

Each chroma option value, if not explicitly specified, is set to the
corresponding luma option value.

@section scale

Scale (resize) the input video, using the libswscale library.

The scale filter forces the output display aspect ratio to be the same
of the input, by changing the output sample aspect ratio.

If the input image format is different from the format requested by
the next filter, the scale filter will convert the input to the
requested format.

@subsection Options
The filter accepts the following options, or any of the options
supported by the libswscale scaler.

See @ref{scaler_options,,the ffmpeg-scaler manual,ffmpeg-scaler} for
the complete list of scaler options.

@table @option
@item width, w
@item height, h
Set the output video dimension expression. Default value is the input
dimension.

If the value is 0, the input width is used for the output.

If one of the values is -1, the scale filter will use a value that
maintains the aspect ratio of the input image, calculated from the
other specified dimension. If both of them are -1, the input size is
used

See below for the list of accepted constants for use in the dimension
expression.

@item interl
Set the interlacing mode. It accepts the following values:

@table @samp
@item 1
Force interlaced aware scaling.

@item 0
Do not apply interlaced scaling.

@item -1
Select interlaced aware scaling depending on whether the source frames
are flagged as interlaced or not.
@end table

Default value is @samp{0}.

@item flags
Set libswscale scaling flags. See
@ref{sws_flags,,the ffmpeg-scaler manual,ffmpeg-scaler} for the
complete list of values. If not explictly specified the filter applies
the default flags.

@item size, s
Set the video size. For the syntax of this option, check the "Video size"
section in the ffmpeg-utils manual.

@item in_color_matrix
@item out_color_matrix
Set in/output YCbCr color space type.

This allows the autodetected value to be overridden as well as allows forcing
a specific value used for the output and encoder.

If not specified, the color space type depends on the pixel format.

Possible values:

@table @samp
@item auto
Choose automatically.

@item bt709
Format conforming to International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Recommendation BT.709.

@item fcc
Set color space conforming to the United States Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 47 (2003) 73.682 (a).

@item bt601
Set color space conforming to:

@itemize
@item
ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Recommendation BT.601

@item
ITU-R Rec. BT.470-6 (1998) Systems B, B1, and G

@item
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) ST 170:2004

@end itemize

@item smpte240m
Set color space conforming to SMPTE ST 240:1999.
@end table

@item in_range
@item out_range
Set in/output YCbCr sample range.

This allows the autodetected value to be overridden as well as allows forcing
a specific value used for the output and encoder. If not specified, the
range depends on the pixel format. Possible values:

@table @samp
@item auto
Choose automatically.

@item jpeg/full/pc
Set full range (0-255 in case of 8-bit luma).

@item mpeg/tv
Set "MPEG" range (16-235 in case of 8-bit luma).
@end table

@item force_original_aspect_ratio
Enable decreasing or increasing output video width or height if necessary to
keep the original aspect ratio. Possible values:

@table @samp
@item disable
Scale the video as specified and disable this feature.

@item decrease
The output video dimensions will automatically be decreased if needed.

@item increase
The output video dimensions will automatically be increased if needed.

@end table

One useful instance of this option is that when you know a specific device's
maximum allowed resolution, you can use this to limit the output video to
that, while retaining the aspect ratio. For example, device A allows
1280x720 playback, and your video is 1920x800. Using this option (set it to
decrease) and specifying 1280x720 to the command line makes the output
1280x533.

Please note that this is a different thing than specifying -1 for @option{w}
or @option{h}, you still need to specify the output resolution for this option
to work.

@end table

The values of the @option{w} and @option{h} options are expressions
containing the following constants:

@table @var
@item in_w
@item in_h
the input width and height

@item iw
@item ih
same as @var{in_w} and @var{in_h}

@item out_w
@item out_h
the output (scaled) width and height

@item ow
@item oh
same as @var{out_w} and @var{out_h}

@item a
same as @var{iw} / @var{ih}

@item sar
input sample aspect ratio

@item dar
input display aspect ratio. Calculated from @code{(iw / ih) * sar}.

@item hsub
@item vsub
horizontal and vertical chroma subsample values. For example for the
pixel format "yuv422p" @var{hsub} is 2 and @var{vsub} is 1.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Scale the input video to a size of 200x100:
@example
scale=w=200:h=100
@end example

This is equivalent to:
@example
scale=200:100
@end example

or:
@example
scale=200x100
@end example

@item
Specify a size abbreviation for the output size:
@example
scale=qcif
@end example

which can also be written as:
@example
scale=size=qcif
@end example

@item
Scale the input to 2x:
@example
scale=w=2*iw:h=2*ih
@end example

@item
The above is the same as:
@example
scale=2*in_w:2*in_h
@end example

@item
Scale the input to 2x with forced interlaced scaling:
@example
scale=2*iw:2*ih:interl=1
@end example

@item
Scale the input to half size:
@example
scale=w=iw/2:h=ih/2
@end example

@item
Increase the width, and set the height to the same size:
@example
scale=3/2*iw:ow
@end example

@item
Seek for Greek harmony:
@example
scale=iw:1/PHI*iw
scale=ih*PHI:ih
@end example

@item
Increase the height, and set the width to 3/2 of the height:
@example
scale=w=3/2*oh:h=3/5*ih
@end example

@item
Increase the size, but make the size a multiple of the chroma
subsample values:
@example
scale="trunc(3/2*iw/hsub)*hsub:trunc(3/2*ih/vsub)*vsub"
@end example

@item
Increase the width to a maximum of 500 pixels, keep the same input
aspect ratio:
@example
scale=w='min(500\, iw*3/2):h=-1'
@end example
@end itemize

@section separatefields

The @code{separatefields} takes a frame-based video input and splits
each frame into its components fields, producing a new half height clip
with twice the frame rate and twice the frame count.

This filter use field-dominance information in frame to decide which
of each pair of fields to place first in the output.
If it gets it wrong use @ref{setfield} filter before @code{separatefields} filter.

@section setdar, setsar

The @code{setdar} filter sets the Display Aspect Ratio for the filter
output video.

This is done by changing the specified Sample (aka Pixel) Aspect
Ratio, according to the following equation:
@example
@var{DAR} = @var{HORIZONTAL_RESOLUTION} / @var{VERTICAL_RESOLUTION} * @var{SAR}
@end example

Keep in mind that the @code{setdar} filter does not modify the pixel
dimensions of the video frame. Also the display aspect ratio set by
this filter may be changed by later filters in the filterchain,
e.g. in case of scaling or if another "setdar" or a "setsar" filter is
applied.

The @code{setsar} filter sets the Sample (aka Pixel) Aspect Ratio for
the filter output video.

Note that as a consequence of the application of this filter, the
output display aspect ratio will change according to the equation
above.

Keep in mind that the sample aspect ratio set by the @code{setsar}
filter may be changed by later filters in the filterchain, e.g. if
another "setsar" or a "setdar" filter is applied.

The filters accept the following options:

@table @option
@item r, ratio, dar (@code{setdar} only), sar (@code{setsar} only)
Set the aspect ratio used by the filter.

The parameter can be a floating point number string, an expression, or
a string of the form @var{num}:@var{den}, where @var{num} and
@var{den} are the numerator and denominator of the aspect ratio. If
the parameter is not specified, it is assumed the value "0".
In case the form "@var{num}:@var{den}" is used, the @code{:} character
should be escaped.

@item max
Set the maximum integer value to use for expressing numerator and
denominator when reducing the expressed aspect ratio to a rational.
Default value is @code{100}.

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize

@item
To change the display aspect ratio to 16:9, specify one of the following:
@example
setdar=dar=1.77777
setdar=dar=16/9
setdar=dar=1.77777
@end example

@item
To change the sample aspect ratio to 10:11, specify:
@example
setsar=sar=10/11
@end example

@item
To set a display aspect ratio of 16:9, and specify a maximum integer value of
1000 in the aspect ratio reduction, use the command:
@example
setdar=ratio=16/9:max=1000
@end example

@end itemize

@anchor{setfield}
@section setfield

Force field for the output video frame.

The @code{setfield} filter marks the interlace type field for the
output frames. It does not change the input frame, but only sets the
corresponding property, which affects how the frame is treated by
following filters (e.g. @code{fieldorder} or @code{yadif}).

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item mode
Available values are:

@table @samp
@item auto
Keep the same field property.

@item bff
Mark the frame as bottom-field-first.

@item tff
Mark the frame as top-field-first.

@item prog
Mark the frame as progressive.
@end table
@end table

@section showinfo

Show a line containing various information for each input video frame.
The input video is not modified.

The shown line contains a sequence of key/value pairs of the form
@var{key}:@var{value}.

A description of each shown parameter follows:

@table @option
@item n
sequential number of the input frame, starting from 0

@item pts
Presentation TimeStamp of the input frame, expressed as a number of
time base units. The time base unit depends on the filter input pad.

@item pts_time
Presentation TimeStamp of the input frame, expressed as a number of
seconds

@item pos
position of the frame in the input stream, -1 if this information in
unavailable and/or meaningless (for example in case of synthetic video)

@item fmt
pixel format name

@item sar
sample aspect ratio of the input frame, expressed in the form
@var{num}/@var{den}

@item s
size of the input frame. For the syntax of this option, check the "Video size"
section in the ffmpeg-utils manual.

@item i
interlaced mode ("P" for "progressive", "T" for top field first, "B"
for bottom field first)

@item iskey
1 if the frame is a key frame, 0 otherwise

@item type
picture type of the input frame ("I" for an I-frame, "P" for a
P-frame, "B" for a B-frame, "?" for unknown type).
Check also the documentation of the @code{AVPictureType} enum and of
the @code{av_get_picture_type_char} function defined in
@file{libavutil/avutil.h}.

@item checksum
Adler-32 checksum (printed in hexadecimal) of all the planes of the input frame

@item plane_checksum
Adler-32 checksum (printed in hexadecimal) of each plane of the input frame,
expressed in the form "[@var{c0} @var{c1} @var{c2} @var{c3}]"
@end table

@anchor{smartblur}
@section smartblur

Blur the input video without impacting the outlines.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item luma_radius, lr
Set the luma radius. The option value must be a float number in
the range [0.1,5.0] that specifies the variance of the gaussian filter
used to blur the image (slower if larger). Default value is 1.0.

@item luma_strength, ls
Set the luma strength. The option value must be a float number
in the range [-1.0,1.0] that configures the blurring. A value included
in [0.0,1.0] will blur the image whereas a value included in
[-1.0,0.0] will sharpen the image. Default value is 1.0.

@item luma_threshold, lt
Set the luma threshold used as a coefficient to determine
whether a pixel should be blurred or not. The option value must be an
integer in the range [-30,30]. A value of 0 will filter all the image,
a value included in [0,30] will filter flat areas and a value included
in [-30,0] will filter edges. Default value is 0.

@item chroma_radius, cr
Set the chroma radius. The option value must be a float number in
the range [0.1,5.0] that specifies the variance of the gaussian filter
used to blur the image (slower if larger). Default value is 1.0.

@item chroma_strength, cs
Set the chroma strength. The option value must be a float number
in the range [-1.0,1.0] that configures the blurring. A value included
in [0.0,1.0] will blur the image whereas a value included in
[-1.0,0.0] will sharpen the image. Default value is 1.0.

@item chroma_threshold, ct
Set the chroma threshold used as a coefficient to determine
whether a pixel should be blurred or not. The option value must be an
integer in the range [-30,30]. A value of 0 will filter all the image,
a value included in [0,30] will filter flat areas and a value included
in [-30,0] will filter edges. Default value is 0.
@end table

If a chroma option is not explicitly set, the corresponding luma value
is set.

@section stereo3d

Convert between different stereoscopic image formats.

The filters accept the following options:

@table @option
@item in
Set stereoscopic image format of input.

Available values for input image formats are:
@table @samp
@item sbsl
side by side parallel (left eye left, right eye right)

@item sbsr
side by side crosseye (right eye left, left eye right)

@item sbs2l
side by side parallel with half width resolution
(left eye left, right eye right)

@item sbs2r
side by side crosseye with half width resolution
(right eye left, left eye right)

@item abl
above-below (left eye above, right eye below)

@item abr
above-below (right eye above, left eye below)

@item ab2l
above-below with half height resolution
(left eye above, right eye below)

@item ab2r
above-below with half height resolution
(right eye above, left eye below)

@item al
alternating frames (left eye first, right eye second)

@item ar
alternating frames (right eye first, left eye second)

Default value is @samp{sbsl}.
@end table

@item out
Set stereoscopic image format of output.

Available values for output image formats are all the input formats as well as:
@table @samp
@item arbg
anaglyph red/blue gray
(red filter on left eye, blue filter on right eye)

@item argg
anaglyph red/green gray
(red filter on left eye, green filter on right eye)

@item arcg
anaglyph red/cyan gray
(red filter on left eye, cyan filter on right eye)

@item arch
anaglyph red/cyan half colored
(red filter on left eye, cyan filter on right eye)

@item arcc
anaglyph red/cyan color
(red filter on left eye, cyan filter on right eye)

@item arcd
anaglyph red/cyan color optimized with the least squares projection of dubois
(red filter on left eye, cyan filter on right eye)

@item agmg
anaglyph green/magenta gray
(green filter on left eye, magenta filter on right eye)

@item agmh
anaglyph green/magenta half colored
(green filter on left eye, magenta filter on right eye)

@item agmc
anaglyph green/magenta colored
(green filter on left eye, magenta filter on right eye)

@item agmd
anaglyph green/magenta color optimized with the least squares projection of dubois
(green filter on left eye, magenta filter on right eye)

@item aybg
anaglyph yellow/blue gray
(yellow filter on left eye, blue filter on right eye)

@item aybh
anaglyph yellow/blue half colored
(yellow filter on left eye, blue filter on right eye)

@item aybc
anaglyph yellow/blue colored
(yellow filter on left eye, blue filter on right eye)

@item aybd
anaglyph yellow/blue color optimized with the least squares projection of dubois
(yellow filter on left eye, blue filter on right eye)

@item irl
interleaved rows (left eye has top row, right eye starts on next row)

@item irr
interleaved rows (right eye has top row, left eye starts on next row)

@item ml
mono output (left eye only)

@item mr
mono output (right eye only)
@end table

Default value is @samp{arcd}.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Convert input video from side by side parallel to anaglyph yellow/blue dubois:
@example
stereo3d=sbsl:aybd
@end example

@item
Convert input video from above bellow (left eye above, right eye below) to side by side crosseye.
@example
stereo3d=abl:sbsr
@end example
@end itemize

@section spp

Apply a simple postprocessing filter that compresses and decompresses the image
at several (or - in the case of @option{quality} level @code{6} - all) shifts
and average the results.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item quality
Set quality. This option defines the number of levels for averaging. It accepts
an integer in the range 0-6. If set to @code{0}, the filter will have no
effect. A value of @code{6} means the higher quality. For each increment of
that value the speed drops by a factor of approximately 2.  Default value is
@code{3}.

@item qp
Force a constant quantization parameter. If not set, the filter will use the QP
from the video stream (if available).

@item mode
Set thresholding mode. Available modes are:

@table @samp
@item hard
Set hard thresholding (default).
@item soft
Set soft thresholding (better de-ringing effect, but likely blurrier).
@end table

@item use_bframe_qp
Enable the use of the QP from the B-Frames if set to @code{1}. Using this
option may cause flicker since the B-Frames have often larger QP. Default is
@code{0} (not enabled).
@end table

@anchor{subtitles}
@section subtitles

Draw subtitles on top of input video using the libass library.

To enable compilation of this filter you need to configure FFmpeg with
@code{--enable-libass}. This filter also requires a build with libavcodec and
libavformat to convert the passed subtitles file to ASS (Advanced Substation
Alpha) subtitles format.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item filename, f
Set the filename of the subtitle file to read. It must be specified.

@item original_size
Specify the size of the original video, the video for which the ASS file
was composed. For the syntax of this option, check the "Video size" section in
the ffmpeg-utils manual. Due to a misdesign in ASS aspect ratio arithmetic,
this is necessary to correctly scale the fonts if the aspect ratio has been
changed.

@item charenc
Set subtitles input character encoding. @code{subtitles} filter only. Only
useful if not UTF-8.
@end table

If the first key is not specified, it is assumed that the first value
specifies the @option{filename}.

For example, to render the file @file{sub.srt} on top of the input
video, use the command:
@example
subtitles=sub.srt
@end example

which is equivalent to:
@example
subtitles=filename=sub.srt
@end example

@section super2xsai

Scale the input by 2x and smooth using the Super2xSaI (Scale and
Interpolate) pixel art scaling algorithm.

Useful for enlarging pixel art images without reducing sharpness.

@section swapuv
Swap U & V plane.

@section telecine

Apply telecine process to the video.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item first_field
@table @samp
@item top, t
top field first
@item bottom, b
bottom field first
The default value is @code{top}.
@end table

@item pattern
A string of numbers representing the pulldown pattern you wish to apply.
The default value is @code{23}.
@end table

@example
Some typical patterns:

NTSC output (30i):
27.5p: 32222
24p: 23 (classic)
24p: 2332 (preferred)
20p: 33
18p: 334
16p: 3444

PAL output (25i):
27.5p: 12222
24p: 222222222223 ("Euro pulldown")
16.67p: 33
16p: 33333334
@end example

@section thumbnail
Select the most representative frame in a given sequence of consecutive frames.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item n
Set the frames batch size to analyze; in a set of @var{n} frames, the filter
will pick one of them, and then handle the next batch of @var{n} frames until
the end. Default is @code{100}.
@end table

Since the filter keeps track of the whole frames sequence, a bigger @var{n}
value will result in a higher memory usage, so a high value is not recommended.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Extract one picture each 50 frames:
@example
thumbnail=50
@end example

@item
Complete example of a thumbnail creation with @command{ffmpeg}:
@example
ffmpeg -i in.avi -vf thumbnail,scale=300:200 -frames:v 1 out.png
@end example
@end itemize

@section tile

Tile several successive frames together.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item layout
Set the grid size (i.e. the number of lines and columns). For the syntax of
this option, check the "Video size" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual.

@item nb_frames
Set the maximum number of frames to render in the given area. It must be less
than or equal to @var{w}x@var{h}. The default value is @code{0}, meaning all
the area will be used.

@item margin
Set the outer border margin in pixels.

@item padding
Set the inner border thickness (i.e. the number of pixels between frames). For
more advanced padding options (such as having different values for the edges),
refer to the pad video filter.

@item color
Specify the color of the unused areaFor the syntax of this option, check the
"Color" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. The default value of @var{color}
is "black".
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Produce 8x8 PNG tiles of all keyframes (@option{-skip_frame nokey}) in a movie:
@example
ffmpeg -skip_frame nokey -i file.avi -vf 'scale=128:72,tile=8x8' -an -vsync 0 keyframes%03d.png
@end example
The @option{-vsync 0} is necessary to prevent @command{ffmpeg} from
duplicating each output frame to accomodate the originally detected frame
rate.

@item
Display @code{5} pictures in an area of @code{3x2} frames,
with @code{7} pixels between them, and @code{2} pixels of initial margin, using
mixed flat and named options:
@example
tile=3x2:nb_frames=5:padding=7:margin=2
@end example
@end itemize

@section tinterlace

Perform various types of temporal field interlacing.

Frames are counted starting from 1, so the first input frame is
considered odd.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item mode
Specify the mode of the interlacing. This option can also be specified
as a value alone. See below for a list of values for this option.

Available values are:

@table @samp
@item merge, 0
Move odd frames into the upper field, even into the lower field,
generating a double height frame at half frame rate.

@item drop_odd, 1
Only output even frames, odd frames are dropped, generating a frame with
unchanged height at half frame rate.

@item drop_even, 2
Only output odd frames, even frames are dropped, generating a frame with
unchanged height at half frame rate.

@item pad, 3
Expand each frame to full height, but pad alternate lines with black,
generating a frame with double height at the same input frame rate.

@item interleave_top, 4
Interleave the upper field from odd frames with the lower field from
even frames, generating a frame with unchanged height at half frame rate.

@item interleave_bottom, 5
Interleave the lower field from odd frames with the upper field from
even frames, generating a frame with unchanged height at half frame rate.

@item interlacex2, 6
Double frame rate with unchanged height. Frames are inserted each
containing the second temporal field from the previous input frame and
the first temporal field from the next input frame. This mode relies on
the top_field_first flag. Useful for interlaced video displays with no
field synchronisation.
@end table

Numeric values are deprecated but are accepted for backward
compatibility reasons.

Default mode is @code{merge}.

@item flags
Specify flags influencing the filter process.

Available value for @var{flags} is:

@table @option
@item low_pass_filter, vlfp
Enable vertical low-pass filtering in the filter.
Vertical low-pass filtering is required when creating an interlaced
destination from a progressive source which contains high-frequency
vertical detail. Filtering will reduce interlace 'twitter' and Moire
patterning.

Vertical low-pass filtering can only be enabled for @option{mode}
@var{interleave_top} and @var{interleave_bottom}.

@end table
@end table

@section transpose

Transpose rows with columns in the input video and optionally flip it.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item dir
Specify the transposition direction.

Can assume the following values:
@table @samp
@item 0, 4, cclock_flip
Rotate by 90 degrees counterclockwise and vertically flip (default), that is:
@example
L.R     L.l
. . ->  . .
l.r     R.r
@end example

@item 1, 5, clock
Rotate by 90 degrees clockwise, that is:
@example
L.R     l.L
. . ->  . .
l.r     r.R
@end example

@item 2, 6, cclock
Rotate by 90 degrees counterclockwise, that is:
@example
L.R     R.r
. . ->  . .
l.r     L.l
@end example

@item 3, 7, clock_flip
Rotate by 90 degrees clockwise and vertically flip, that is:
@example
L.R     r.R
. . ->  . .
l.r     l.L
@end example
@end table

For values between 4-7, the transposition is only done if the input
video geometry is portrait and not landscape. These values are
deprecated, the @code{passthrough} option should be used instead.

Numerical values are deprecated, and should be dropped in favor of
symbolic constants.

@item passthrough
Do not apply the transposition if the input geometry matches the one
specified by the specified value. It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item none
Always apply transposition.
@item portrait
Preserve portrait geometry (when @var{height} >= @var{width}).
@item landscape
Preserve landscape geometry (when @var{width} >= @var{height}).
@end table

Default value is @code{none}.
@end table

For example to rotate by 90 degrees clockwise and preserve portrait
layout:
@example
transpose=dir=1:passthrough=portrait
@end example

The command above can also be specified as:
@example
transpose=1:portrait
@end example

@section trim
Trim the input so that the output contains one continuous subpart of the input.

This filter accepts the following options:
@table @option
@item start
Specify time of the start of the kept section, i.e. the frame with the
timestamp @var{start} will be the first frame in the output.

@item end
Specify time of the first frame that will be dropped, i.e. the frame
immediately preceding the one with the timestamp @var{end} will be the last
frame in the output.

@item start_pts
Same as @var{start}, except this option sets the start timestamp in timebase
units instead of seconds.

@item end_pts
Same as @var{end}, except this option sets the end timestamp in timebase units
instead of seconds.

@item duration
Specify maximum duration of the output.

@item start_frame
Number of the first frame that should be passed to output.

@item end_frame
Number of the first frame that should be dropped.
@end table

@option{start}, @option{end}, @option{duration} are expressed as time
duration specifications, check the "Time duration" section in the
ffmpeg-utils manual.

Note that the first two sets of the start/end options and the @option{duration}
option look at the frame timestamp, while the _frame variants simply count the
frames that pass through the filter. Also note that this filter does not modify
the timestamps. If you wish that the output timestamps start at zero, insert a
setpts filter after the trim filter.

If multiple start or end options are set, this filter tries to be greedy and
keep all the frames that match at least one of the specified constraints. To keep
only the part that matches all the constraints at once, chain multiple trim
filters.

The defaults are such that all the input is kept. So it is possible to set e.g.
just the end values to keep everything before the specified time.

Examples:
@itemize
@item
drop everything except the second minute of input
@example
ffmpeg -i INPUT -vf trim=60:120
@end example

@item
keep only the first second
@example
ffmpeg -i INPUT -vf trim=duration=1
@end example

@end itemize


@section unsharp

Sharpen or blur the input video.

It accepts the following parameters:

@table @option
@item luma_msize_x, lx
Set the luma matrix horizontal size. It must be an odd integer between
3 and 63, default value is 5.

@item luma_msize_y, ly
Set the luma matrix vertical size. It must be an odd integer between 3
and 63, default value is 5.

@item luma_amount, la
Set the luma effect strength. It can be a float number, reasonable
values lay between -1.5 and 1.5.

Negative values will blur the input video, while positive values will
sharpen it, a value of zero will disable the effect.

Default value is 1.0.

@item chroma_msize_x, cx
Set the chroma matrix horizontal size. It must be an odd integer
between 3 and 63, default value is 5.

@item chroma_msize_y, cy
Set the chroma matrix vertical size. It must be an odd integer
between 3 and 63, default value is 5.

@item chroma_amount, ca
Set the chroma effect strength. It can be a float number, reasonable
values lay between -1.5 and 1.5.

Negative values will blur the input video, while positive values will
sharpen it, a value of zero will disable the effect.

Default value is 0.0.

@item opencl
If set to 1, specify using OpenCL capabilities, only available if
FFmpeg was configured with @code{--enable-opencl}. Default value is 0.

@end table

All parameters are optional and default to the equivalent of the
string '5:5:1.0:5:5:0.0'.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Apply strong luma sharpen effect:
@example
unsharp=luma_msize_x=7:luma_msize_y=7:luma_amount=2.5
@end example

@item
Apply strong blur of both luma and chroma parameters:
@example
unsharp=7:7:-2:7:7:-2
@end example
@end itemize

@anchor{vidstabdetect}
@section vidstabdetect

Analyze video stabilization/deshaking. Perform pass 1 of 2, see
@ref{vidstabtransform} for pass 2.

This filter generates a file with relative translation and rotation
transform information about subsequent frames, which is then used by
the @ref{vidstabtransform} filter.

To enable compilation of this filter you need to configure FFmpeg with
@code{--enable-libvidstab}.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item result
Set the path to the file used to write the transforms information.
Default value is @file{transforms.trf}.

@item shakiness
Set how shaky the video is and how quick the camera is. It accepts an
integer in the range 1-10, a value of 1 means little shakiness, a
value of 10 means strong shakiness. Default value is 5.

@item accuracy
Set the accuracy of the detection process. It must be a value in the
range 1-15. A value of 1 means low accuracy, a value of 15 means high
accuracy. Default value is 9.

@item stepsize
Set stepsize of the search process. The region around minimum is
scanned with 1 pixel resolution. Default value is 6.

@item mincontrast
Set minimum contrast. Below this value a local measurement field is
discarded. Must be a floating point value in the range 0-1. Default
value is 0.3.

@item tripod
Set reference frame number for tripod mode.

If enabled, the motion of the frames is compared to a reference frame
in the filtered stream, identified by the specified number. The idea
is to compensate all movements in a more-or-less static scene and keep
the camera view absolutely still.

If set to 0, it is disabled. The frames are counted starting from 1.

@item show
Show fields and transforms in the resulting frames. It accepts an
integer in the range 0-2. Default value is 0, which disables any
visualization.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Use default values:
@example
vidstabdetect
@end example

@item
Analyze strongly shaky movie and put the results in file
@file{mytransforms.trf}:
@example
vidstabdetect=shakiness=10:accuracy=15:result="mytransforms.trf"
@end example

@item
Visualize the result of internal transformations in the resulting
video:
@example
vidstabdetect=show=1
@end example

@item
Analyze a video with medium shakiness using @command{ffmpeg}:
@example
ffmpeg -i input -vf vidstabdetect=shakiness=5:show=1 dummy.avi
@end example
@end itemize

@anchor{vidstabtransform}
@section vidstabtransform

Video stabilization/deshaking: pass 2 of 2,
see @ref{vidstabdetect} for pass 1.

Read a file with transform information for each frame and
apply/compensate them. Together with the @ref{vidstabdetect}
filter this can be used to deshake videos. See also
@url{http://public.hronopik.de/vid.stab}. It is important to also use
the unsharp filter, see below.

To enable compilation of this filter you need to configure FFmpeg with
@code{--enable-libvidstab}.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item input
path to the file used to read the transforms (default: @file{transforms.trf})

@item smoothing
number of frames (value*2 + 1) used for lowpass filtering the camera movements
(default: 10). For example a number of 10 means that 21 frames are used
(10 in the past and 10 in the future) to smoothen the motion in the
video. A larger values leads to a smoother video, but limits the
acceleration of the camera (pan/tilt movements).

@item maxshift
maximal number of pixels to translate frames (default: -1 no limit)

@item maxangle
maximal angle in radians (degree*PI/180) to rotate frames (default: -1
no limit)

@item crop
How to deal with borders that may be visible due to movement
compensation. Available values are:

@table @samp
@item keep
keep image information from previous frame (default)
@item black
fill the border black
@end table

@item invert
@table @samp
@item 0
keep transforms normal (default)
@item 1
invert transforms
@end table

@item relative
consider transforms as
@table @samp
@item 0
absolute
@item 1
relative to previous frame (default)
@end table

@item zoom
percentage to zoom (default: 0)
@table @samp
@item >0
zoom in
@item <0
zoom out
@end table

@item optzoom
set optimal zooming to avoid borders
@table @samp
@item 0
disabled
@item 1
optimal static zoom value is determined (only very strong movements will lead to visible borders) (default)
@item 2
optimal adaptive zoom value is determined (no borders will be visible)
@end table
Note that the value given at zoom is added to the one calculated
here.

@item interpol
type of interpolation

Available values are:
@table @samp
@item no
no interpolation
@item linear
linear only horizontal
@item bilinear
linear in both directions (default)
@item bicubic
cubic in both directions (slow)
@end table

@item tripod
virtual tripod mode means that the video is stabilized such that the
camera stays stationary. Use also @code{tripod} option of
@ref{vidstabdetect}.
@table @samp
@item 0
off (default)
@item 1
virtual tripod mode: equivalent to @code{relative=0:smoothing=0}
@end table

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
typical call with default default values:
 (note the unsharp filter which is always recommended)
@example
ffmpeg -i inp.mpeg -vf vidstabtransform,unsharp=5:5:0.8:3:3:0.4 inp_stabilized.mpeg
@end example

@item
zoom in a bit more and load transform data from a given file
@example
vidstabtransform=zoom=5:input="mytransforms.trf"
@end example

@item
smoothen the video even more
@example
vidstabtransform=smoothing=30
@end example

@end itemize

@section vflip

Flip the input video vertically.

For example, to vertically flip a video with @command{ffmpeg}:
@example
ffmpeg -i in.avi -vf "vflip" out.avi
@end example

@section vignette

Make or reverse a natural vignetting effect.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item angle, a
Set lens angle expression as a number of radians.

The value is clipped in the @code{[0,PI/2]} range.

Default value: @code{"PI/5"}

@item x0
@item y0
Set center coordinates expressions. Respectively @code{"w/2"} and @code{"h/2"}
by default.

@item mode
Set forward/backward mode.

Available modes are:
@table @samp
@item forward
The larger the distance from the central point, the darker the image becomes.

@item backward
The larger the distance from the central point, the brighter the image becomes.
This can be used to reverse a vignette effect, though there is no automatic
detection to extract the lens @option{angle} and other settings (yet). It can
also be used to create a burning effect.
@end table

Default value is @samp{forward}.

@item eval
Set evaluation mode for the expressions (@option{angle}, @option{x0}, @option{y0}).

It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item init
Evaluate expressions only once during the filter initialization.

@item frame
Evaluate expressions for each incoming frame. This is way slower than the
@samp{init} mode since it requires all the scalers to be re-computed, but it
allows advanced dynamic expressions.
@end table

Default value is @samp{init}.

@item dither
Set dithering to reduce the circular banding effects. Default is @code{1}
(enabled).

@item aspect
Set vignette aspect. This setting allows to adjust the shape of the vignette.
Setting this value to the SAR of the input will make a rectangular vignetting
following the dimensions of the video.

Default is @code{1/1}.
@end table

@subsection Expressions

The @option{alpha}, @option{x0} and @option{y0} expressions can contain the
following parameters.

@table @option
@item w
@item h
input width and height

@item n
the number of input frame, starting from 0

@item pts
the PTS (Presentation TimeStamp) time of the filtered video frame, expressed in
@var{TB} units, NAN if undefined

@item r
frame rate of the input video, NAN if the input frame rate is unknown

@item t
the PTS (Presentation TimeStamp) of the filtered video frame,
expressed in seconds, NAN if undefined

@item tb
time base of the input video
@end table


@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Apply simple strong vignetting effect:
@example
vignette=PI/4
@end example

@item
Make a flickering vignetting:
@example
vignette='PI/4+random(1)*PI/50':eval=frame
@end example

@end itemize

@section w3fdif

Deinterlace the input video ("w3fdif" stands for "Weston 3 Field
Deinterlacing Filter").

Based on the process described by Martin Weston for BBC R&D, and
implemented based on the de-interlace algorithm written by Jim
Easterbrook for BBC R&D, the Weston 3 field deinterlacing filter
uses filter coefficients calculated by BBC R&D.

There are two sets of filter coefficients, so called "simple":
and "complex". Which set of filter coefficients is used can
be set by passing an optional parameter:

@table @option
@item filter
Set the interlacing filter coefficients. Accepts one of the following values:

@table @samp
@item simple
Simple filter coefficient set.
@item complex
More-complex filter coefficient set.
@end table
Default value is @samp{complex}.

@item deint
Specify which frames to deinterlace. Accept one of the following values:

@table @samp
@item all
Deinterlace all frames,
@item interlaced
Only deinterlace frames marked as interlaced.
@end table

Default value is @samp{all}.
@end table

@anchor{yadif}
@section yadif

Deinterlace the input video ("yadif" means "yet another deinterlacing
filter").

This filter accepts the following options:


@table @option

@item mode
The interlacing mode to adopt, accepts one of the following values:

@table @option
@item 0, send_frame
output 1 frame for each frame
@item 1, send_field
output 1 frame for each field
@item 2, send_frame_nospatial
like @code{send_frame} but skip spatial interlacing check
@item 3, send_field_nospatial
like @code{send_field} but skip spatial interlacing check
@end table

Default value is @code{send_frame}.

@item parity
The picture field parity assumed for the input interlaced video, accepts one of
the following values:

@table @option
@item 0, tff
assume top field first
@item 1, bff
assume bottom field first
@item -1, auto
enable automatic detection
@end table

Default value is @code{auto}.
If interlacing is unknown or decoder does not export this information,
top field first will be assumed.

@item deint
Specify which frames to deinterlace. Accept one of the following
values:

@table @option
@item 0, all
deinterlace all frames
@item 1, interlaced
only deinterlace frames marked as interlaced
@end table

Default value is @code{all}.
@end table

@c man end VIDEO FILTERS

@chapter Video Sources
@c man begin VIDEO SOURCES

Below is a description of the currently available video sources.

@section buffer

Buffer video frames, and make them available to the filter chain.

This source is mainly intended for a programmatic use, in particular
through the interface defined in @file{libavfilter/vsrc_buffer.h}.

This source accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item video_size
Specify the size (width and height) of the buffered video frames. For the
syntax of this option, check the "Video size" section in the ffmpeg-utils
manual.

@item width
Input video width.

@item height
Input video height.

@item pix_fmt
A string representing the pixel format of the buffered video frames.
It may be a number corresponding to a pixel format, or a pixel format
name.

@item time_base
Specify the timebase assumed by the timestamps of the buffered frames.

@item frame_rate
Specify the frame rate expected for the video stream.

@item pixel_aspect, sar
Specify the sample aspect ratio assumed by the video frames.

@item sws_param
Specify the optional parameters to be used for the scale filter which
is automatically inserted when an input change is detected in the
input size or format.
@end table

For example:
@example
buffer=width=320:height=240:pix_fmt=yuv410p:time_base=1/24:sar=1
@end example

will instruct the source to accept video frames with size 320x240 and
with format "yuv410p", assuming 1/24 as the timestamps timebase and
square pixels (1:1 sample aspect ratio).
Since the pixel format with name "yuv410p" corresponds to the number 6
(check the enum AVPixelFormat definition in @file{libavutil/pixfmt.h}),
this example corresponds to:
@example
buffer=size=320x240:pixfmt=6:time_base=1/24:pixel_aspect=1/1
@end example

Alternatively, the options can be specified as a flat string, but this
syntax is deprecated:

@var{width}:@var{height}:@var{pix_fmt}:@var{time_base.num}:@var{time_base.den}:@var{pixel_aspect.num}:@var{pixel_aspect.den}[:@var{sws_param}]

@section cellauto

Create a pattern generated by an elementary cellular automaton.

The initial state of the cellular automaton can be defined through the
@option{filename}, and @option{pattern} options. If such options are
not specified an initial state is created randomly.

At each new frame a new row in the video is filled with the result of
the cellular automaton next generation. The behavior when the whole
frame is filled is defined by the @option{scroll} option.

This source accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item filename, f
Read the initial cellular automaton state, i.e. the starting row, from
the specified file.
In the file, each non-whitespace character is considered an alive
cell, a newline will terminate the row, and further characters in the
file will be ignored.

@item pattern, p
Read the initial cellular automaton state, i.e. the starting row, from
the specified string.

Each non-whitespace character in the string is considered an alive
cell, a newline will terminate the row, and further characters in the
string will be ignored.

@item rate, r
Set the video rate, that is the number of frames generated per second.
Default is 25.

@item random_fill_ratio, ratio
Set the random fill ratio for the initial cellular automaton row. It
is a floating point number value ranging from 0 to 1, defaults to
1/PHI.

This option is ignored when a file or a pattern is specified.

@item random_seed, seed
Set the seed for filling randomly the initial row, must be an integer
included between 0 and UINT32_MAX. If not specified, or if explicitly
set to -1, the filter will try to use a good random seed on a best
effort basis.

@item rule
Set the cellular automaton rule, it is a number ranging from 0 to 255.
Default value is 110.

@item size, s
Set the size of the output video. For the syntax of this option, check
the "Video size" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual.

If @option{filename} or @option{pattern} is specified, the size is set
by default to the width of the specified initial state row, and the
height is set to @var{width} * PHI.

If @option{size} is set, it must contain the width of the specified
pattern string, and the specified pattern will be centered in the
larger row.

If a filename or a pattern string is not specified, the size value
defaults to "320x518" (used for a randomly generated initial state).

@item scroll
If set to 1, scroll the output upward when all the rows in the output
have been already filled. If set to 0, the new generated row will be
written over the top row just after the bottom row is filled.
Defaults to 1.

@item start_full, full
If set to 1, completely fill the output with generated rows before
outputting the first frame.
This is the default behavior, for disabling set the value to 0.

@item stitch
If set to 1, stitch the left and right row edges together.
This is the default behavior, for disabling set the value to 0.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Read the initial state from @file{pattern}, and specify an output of
size 200x400.
@example
cellauto=f=pattern:s=200x400
@end example

@item
Generate a random initial row with a width of 200 cells, with a fill
ratio of 2/3:
@example
cellauto=ratio=2/3:s=200x200
@end example

@item
Create a pattern generated by rule 18 starting by a single alive cell
centered on an initial row with width 100:
@example
cellauto=p=@@:s=100x400:full=0:rule=18
@end example

@item
Specify a more elaborated initial pattern:
@example
cellauto=p='@@@@ @@ @@@@':s=100x400:full=0:rule=18
@end example

@end itemize

@section mandelbrot

Generate a Mandelbrot set fractal, and progressively zoom towards the
point specified with @var{start_x} and @var{start_y}.

This source accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item end_pts
Set the terminal pts value. Default value is 400.

@item end_scale
Set the terminal scale value.
Must be a floating point value. Default value is 0.3.

@item inner
Set the inner coloring mode, that is the algorithm used to draw the
Mandelbrot fractal internal region.

It shall assume one of the following values:
@table @option
@item black
Set black mode.
@item convergence
Show time until convergence.
@item mincol
Set color based on point closest to the origin of the iterations.
@item period
Set period mode.
@end table

Default value is @var{mincol}.

@item bailout
Set the bailout value. Default value is 10.0.

@item maxiter
Set the maximum of iterations performed by the rendering
algorithm. Default value is 7189.

@item outer
Set outer coloring mode.
It shall assume one of following values:
@table @option
@item iteration_count
Set iteration cound mode.
@item normalized_iteration_count
set normalized iteration count mode.
@end table
Default value is @var{normalized_iteration_count}.

@item rate, r
Set frame rate, expressed as number of frames per second. Default
value is "25".

@item size, s
Set frame size. For the syntax of this option, check the "Video
size" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. Default value is "640x480".

@item start_scale
Set the initial scale value. Default value is 3.0.

@item start_x
Set the initial x position. Must be a floating point value between
-100 and 100. Default value is -0.743643887037158704752191506114774.

@item start_y
Set the initial y position. Must be a floating point value between
-100 and 100. Default value is -0.131825904205311970493132056385139.
@end table

@section mptestsrc

Generate various test patterns, as generated by the MPlayer test filter.

The size of the generated video is fixed, and is 256x256.
This source is useful in particular for testing encoding features.

This source accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item rate, r
Specify the frame rate of the sourced video, as the number of frames
generated per second. It has to be a string in the format
@var{frame_rate_num}/@var{frame_rate_den}, an integer number, a float
number or a valid video frame rate abbreviation. The default value is
"25".

@item duration, d
Set the video duration of the sourced video. The accepted syntax is:
@example
[-]HH:MM:SS[.m...]
[-]S+[.m...]
@end example
See also the function @code{av_parse_time()}.

If not specified, or the expressed duration is negative, the video is
supposed to be generated forever.

@item test, t

Set the number or the name of the test to perform. Supported tests are:
@table @option
@item dc_luma
@item dc_chroma
@item freq_luma
@item freq_chroma
@item amp_luma
@item amp_chroma
@item cbp
@item mv
@item ring1
@item ring2
@item all
@end table

Default value is "all", which will cycle through the list of all tests.
@end table

For example the following:
@example
testsrc=t=dc_luma
@end example

will generate a "dc_luma" test pattern.

@section frei0r_src

Provide a frei0r source.

To enable compilation of this filter you need to install the frei0r
header and configure FFmpeg with @code{--enable-frei0r}.

This source accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item size
The size of the video to generate. For the syntax of this option, check the
"Video size" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual.

@item framerate
Framerate of the generated video, may be a string of the form
@var{num}/@var{den} or a frame rate abbreviation.

@item filter_name
The name to the frei0r source to load. For more information regarding frei0r and
how to set the parameters read the section @ref{frei0r} in the description of
the video filters.

@item filter_params
A '|'-separated list of parameters to pass to the frei0r source.

@end table

For example, to generate a frei0r partik0l source with size 200x200
and frame rate 10 which is overlayed on the overlay filter main input:
@example
frei0r_src=size=200x200:framerate=10:filter_name=partik0l:filter_params=1234 [overlay]; [in][overlay] overlay
@end example

@section life

Generate a life pattern.

This source is based on a generalization of John Conway's life game.

The sourced input represents a life grid, each pixel represents a cell
which can be in one of two possible states, alive or dead. Every cell
interacts with its eight neighbours, which are the cells that are
horizontally, vertically, or diagonally adjacent.

At each interaction the grid evolves according to the adopted rule,
which specifies the number of neighbor alive cells which will make a
cell stay alive or born. The @option{rule} option allows to specify
the rule to adopt.

This source accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item filename, f
Set the file from which to read the initial grid state. In the file,
each non-whitespace character is considered an alive cell, and newline
is used to delimit the end of each row.

If this option is not specified, the initial grid is generated
randomly.

@item rate, r
Set the video rate, that is the number of frames generated per second.
Default is 25.

@item random_fill_ratio, ratio
Set the random fill ratio for the initial random grid. It is a
floating point number value ranging from 0 to 1, defaults to 1/PHI.
It is ignored when a file is specified.

@item random_seed, seed
Set the seed for filling the initial random grid, must be an integer
included between 0 and UINT32_MAX. If not specified, or if explicitly
set to -1, the filter will try to use a good random seed on a best
effort basis.

@item rule
Set the life rule.

A rule can be specified with a code of the kind "S@var{NS}/B@var{NB}",
where @var{NS} and @var{NB} are sequences of numbers in the range 0-8,
@var{NS} specifies the number of alive neighbor cells which make a
live cell stay alive, and @var{NB} the number of alive neighbor cells
which make a dead cell to become alive (i.e. to "born").
"s" and "b" can be used in place of "S" and "B", respectively.

Alternatively a rule can be specified by an 18-bits integer. The 9
high order bits are used to encode the next cell state if it is alive
for each number of neighbor alive cells, the low order bits specify
the rule for "borning" new cells. Higher order bits encode for an
higher number of neighbor cells.
For example the number 6153 = @code{(12<<9)+9} specifies a stay alive
rule of 12 and a born rule of 9, which corresponds to "S23/B03".

Default value is "S23/B3", which is the original Conway's game of life
rule, and will keep a cell alive if it has 2 or 3 neighbor alive
cells, and will born a new cell if there are three alive cells around
a dead cell.

@item size, s
Set the size of the output video. For the syntax of this option, check the
"Video size" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual.

If @option{filename} is specified, the size is set by default to the
same size of the input file. If @option{size} is set, it must contain
the size specified in the input file, and the initial grid defined in
that file is centered in the larger resulting area.

If a filename is not specified, the size value defaults to "320x240"
(used for a randomly generated initial grid).

@item stitch
If set to 1, stitch the left and right grid edges together, and the
top and bottom edges also. Defaults to 1.

@item mold
Set cell mold speed. If set, a dead cell will go from @option{death_color} to
@option{mold_color} with a step of @option{mold}. @option{mold} can have a
value from 0 to 255.

@item life_color
Set the color of living (or new born) cells.

@item death_color
Set the color of dead cells. If @option{mold} is set, this is the first color
used to represent a dead cell.

@item mold_color
Set mold color, for definitely dead and moldy cells.

For the syntax of these 3 color options, check the "Color" section in the
ffmpeg-utils manual.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Read a grid from @file{pattern}, and center it on a grid of size
300x300 pixels:
@example
life=f=pattern:s=300x300
@end example

@item
Generate a random grid of size 200x200, with a fill ratio of 2/3:
@example
life=ratio=2/3:s=200x200
@end example

@item
Specify a custom rule for evolving a randomly generated grid:
@example
life=rule=S14/B34
@end example

@item
Full example with slow death effect (mold) using @command{ffplay}:
@example
ffplay -f lavfi life=s=300x200:mold=10:r=60:ratio=0.1:death_color=#C83232:life_color=#00ff00,scale=1200:800:flags=16
@end example
@end itemize

@anchor{color}
@anchor{haldclutsrc}
@anchor{nullsrc}
@anchor{rgbtestsrc}
@anchor{smptebars}
@anchor{smptehdbars}
@anchor{testsrc}
@section color, haldclutsrc, nullsrc, rgbtestsrc, smptebars, smptehdbars, testsrc

The @code{color} source provides an uniformly colored input.

The @code{haldclutsrc} source provides an identity Hald CLUT. See also
@ref{haldclut} filter.

The @code{nullsrc} source returns unprocessed video frames. It is
mainly useful to be employed in analysis / debugging tools, or as the
source for filters which ignore the input data.

The @code{rgbtestsrc} source generates an RGB test pattern useful for
detecting RGB vs BGR issues. You should see a red, green and blue
stripe from top to bottom.

The @code{smptebars} source generates a color bars pattern, based on
the SMPTE Engineering Guideline EG 1-1990.

The @code{smptehdbars} source generates a color bars pattern, based on
the SMPTE RP 219-2002.

The @code{testsrc} source generates a test video pattern, showing a
color pattern, a scrolling gradient and a timestamp. This is mainly
intended for testing purposes.

The sources accept the following options:

@table @option

@item color, c
Specify the color of the source, only available in the @code{color}
source. For the syntax of this option, check the "Color" section in the
ffmpeg-utils manual.

@item level
Specify the level of the Hald CLUT, only available in the @code{haldclutsrc}
source. A level of @code{N} generates a picture of @code{N*N*N} by @code{N*N*N}
pixels to be used as identity matrix for 3D lookup tables. Each component is
coded on a @code{1/(N*N)} scale.

@item size, s
Specify the size of the sourced video. For the syntax of this option, check the
"Video size" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. The default value is
"320x240".

This option is not available with the @code{haldclutsrc} filter.

@item rate, r
Specify the frame rate of the sourced video, as the number of frames
generated per second. It has to be a string in the format
@var{frame_rate_num}/@var{frame_rate_den}, an integer number, a float
number or a valid video frame rate abbreviation. The default value is
"25".

@item sar
Set the sample aspect ratio of the sourced video.

@item duration, d
Set the video duration of the sourced video. The accepted syntax is:
@example
[-]HH[:MM[:SS[.m...]]]
[-]S+[.m...]
@end example
See also the function @code{av_parse_time()}.

If not specified, or the expressed duration is negative, the video is
supposed to be generated forever.

@item decimals, n
Set the number of decimals to show in the timestamp, only available in the
@code{testsrc} source.

The displayed timestamp value will correspond to the original
timestamp value multiplied by the power of 10 of the specified
value. Default value is 0.
@end table

For example the following:
@example
testsrc=duration=5.3:size=qcif:rate=10
@end example

will generate a video with a duration of 5.3 seconds, with size
176x144 and a frame rate of 10 frames per second.

The following graph description will generate a red source
with an opacity of 0.2, with size "qcif" and a frame rate of 10
frames per second.
@example
color=c=red@@0.2:s=qcif:r=10
@end example

If the input content is to be ignored, @code{nullsrc} can be used. The
following command generates noise in the luminance plane by employing
the @code{geq} filter:
@example
nullsrc=s=256x256, geq=random(1)*255:128:128
@end example

@subsection Commands

The @code{color} source supports the following commands:

@table @option
@item c, color
Set the color of the created image. Accepts the same syntax of the
corresponding @option{color} option.
@end table

@c man end VIDEO SOURCES

@chapter Video Sinks
@c man begin VIDEO SINKS

Below is a description of the currently available video sinks.

@section buffersink

Buffer video frames, and make them available to the end of the filter
graph.

This sink is mainly intended for a programmatic use, in particular
through the interface defined in @file{libavfilter/buffersink.h}
or the options system.

It accepts a pointer to an AVBufferSinkContext structure, which
defines the incoming buffers' formats, to be passed as the opaque
parameter to @code{avfilter_init_filter} for initialization.

@section nullsink

Null video sink, do absolutely nothing with the input video. It is
mainly useful as a template and to be employed in analysis / debugging
tools.

@c man end VIDEO SINKS

@chapter Multimedia Filters
@c man begin MULTIMEDIA FILTERS

Below is a description of the currently available multimedia filters.

@section avectorscope

Convert input audio to a video output, representing the audio vector
scope.

The filter is used to measure the difference between channels of stereo
audio stream. A monoaural signal, consisting of identical left and right
signal, results in straight vertical line. Any stereo separation is visible
as a deviation from this line, creating a Lissajous figure.
If the straight (or deviation from it) but horizontal line appears this
indicates that the left and right channels are out of phase.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item mode, m
Set the vectorscope mode.

Available values are:
@table @samp
@item lissajous
Lissajous rotated by 45 degrees.

@item lissajous_xy
Same as above but not rotated.
@end table

Default value is @samp{lissajous}.

@item size, s
Set the video size for the output. For the syntax of this option, check the "Video size"
section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. Default value is @code{400x400}.

@item rate, r
Set the output frame rate. Default value is @code{25}.

@item rc
@item gc
@item bc
Specify the red, green and blue contrast. Default values are @code{40}, @code{160} and @code{80}.
Allowed range is @code{[0, 255]}.

@item rf
@item gf
@item bf
Specify the red, green and blue fade. Default values are @code{15}, @code{10} and @code{5}.
Allowed range is @code{[0, 255]}.

@item zoom
Set the zoom factor. Default value is @code{1}. Allowed range is @code{[1, 10]}.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Complete example using @command{ffplay}:
@example
ffplay -f lavfi 'amovie=input.mp3, asplit [a][out1];
             [a] avectorscope=zoom=1.3:rc=2:gc=200:bc=10:rf=1:gf=8:bf=7 [out0]'
@end example
@end itemize

@section concat

Concatenate audio and video streams, joining them together one after the
other.

The filter works on segments of synchronized video and audio streams. All
segments must have the same number of streams of each type, and that will
also be the number of streams at output.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item n
Set the number of segments. Default is 2.

@item v
Set the number of output video streams, that is also the number of video
streams in each segment. Default is 1.

@item a
Set the number of output audio streams, that is also the number of video
streams in each segment. Default is 0.

@item unsafe
Activate unsafe mode: do not fail if segments have a different format.

@end table

The filter has @var{v}+@var{a} outputs: first @var{v} video outputs, then
@var{a} audio outputs.

There are @var{n}x(@var{v}+@var{a}) inputs: first the inputs for the first
segment, in the same order as the outputs, then the inputs for the second
segment, etc.

Related streams do not always have exactly the same duration, for various
reasons including codec frame size or sloppy authoring. For that reason,
related synchronized streams (e.g. a video and its audio track) should be
concatenated at once. The concat filter will use the duration of the longest
stream in each segment (except the last one), and if necessary pad shorter
audio streams with silence.

For this filter to work correctly, all segments must start at timestamp 0.

All corresponding streams must have the same parameters in all segments; the
filtering system will automatically select a common pixel format for video
streams, and a common sample format, sample rate and channel layout for
audio streams, but other settings, such as resolution, must be converted
explicitly by the user.

Different frame rates are acceptable but will result in variable frame rate
at output; be sure to configure the output file to handle it.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Concatenate an opening, an episode and an ending, all in bilingual version
(video in stream 0, audio in streams 1 and 2):
@example
ffmpeg -i opening.mkv -i episode.mkv -i ending.mkv -filter_complex \
  '[0:0] [0:1] [0:2] [1:0] [1:1] [1:2] [2:0] [2:1] [2:2]
   concat=n=3:v=1:a=2 [v] [a1] [a2]' \
  -map '[v]' -map '[a1]' -map '[a2]' output.mkv
@end example

@item
Concatenate two parts, handling audio and video separately, using the
(a)movie sources, and adjusting the resolution:
@example
movie=part1.mp4, scale=512:288 [v1] ; amovie=part1.mp4 [a1] ;
movie=part2.mp4, scale=512:288 [v2] ; amovie=part2.mp4 [a2] ;
[v1] [v2] concat [outv] ; [a1] [a2] concat=v=0:a=1 [outa]
@end example
Note that a desync will happen at the stitch if the audio and video streams
do not have exactly the same duration in the first file.

@end itemize

@section ebur128

EBU R128 scanner filter. This filter takes an audio stream as input and outputs
it unchanged. By default, it logs a message at a frequency of 10Hz with the
Momentary loudness (identified by @code{M}), Short-term loudness (@code{S}),
Integrated loudness (@code{I}) and Loudness Range (@code{LRA}).

The filter also has a video output (see the @var{video} option) with a real
time graph to observe the loudness evolution. The graphic contains the logged
message mentioned above, so it is not printed anymore when this option is set,
unless the verbose logging is set. The main graphing area contains the
short-term loudness (3 seconds of analysis), and the gauge on the right is for
the momentary loudness (400 milliseconds).

More information about the Loudness Recommendation EBU R128 on
@url{http://tech.ebu.ch/loudness}.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item video
Activate the video output. The audio stream is passed unchanged whether this
option is set or no. The video stream will be the first output stream if
activated. Default is @code{0}.

@item size
Set the video size. This option is for video only. For the syntax of this
option, check the "Video size" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. Default
and minimum resolution is @code{640x480}.

@item meter
Set the EBU scale meter. Default is @code{9}. Common values are @code{9} and
@code{18}, respectively for EBU scale meter +9 and EBU scale meter +18. Any
other integer value between this range is allowed.

@item metadata
Set metadata injection. If set to @code{1}, the audio input will be segmented
into 100ms output frames, each of them containing various loudness information
in metadata.  All the metadata keys are prefixed with @code{lavfi.r128.}.

Default is @code{0}.

@item framelog
Force the frame logging level.

Available values are:
@table @samp
@item info
information logging level
@item verbose
verbose logging level
@end table

By default, the logging level is set to @var{info}. If the @option{video} or
the @option{metadata} options are set, it switches to @var{verbose}.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Real-time graph using @command{ffplay}, with a EBU scale meter +18:
@example
ffplay -f lavfi -i "amovie=input.mp3,ebur128=video=1:meter=18 [out0][out1]"
@end example

@item
Run an analysis with @command{ffmpeg}:
@example
ffmpeg -nostats -i input.mp3 -filter_complex ebur128 -f null -
@end example
@end itemize

@section interleave, ainterleave

Temporally interleave frames from several inputs.

@code{interleave} works with video inputs, @code{ainterleave} with audio.

These filters read frames from several inputs and send the oldest
queued frame to the output.

Input streams must have a well defined, monotonically increasing frame
timestamp values.

In order to submit one frame to output, these filters need to enqueue
at least one frame for each input, so they cannot work in case one
input is not yet terminated and will not receive incoming frames.

For example consider the case when one input is a @code{select} filter
which always drop input frames. The @code{interleave} filter will keep
reading from that input, but it will never be able to send new frames
to output until the input will send an end-of-stream signal.

Also, depending on inputs synchronization, the filters will drop
frames in case one input receives more frames than the other ones, and
the queue is already filled.

These filters accept the following options:

@table @option
@item nb_inputs, n
Set the number of different inputs, it is 2 by default.
@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Interleave frames belonging to different streams using @command{ffmpeg}:
@example
ffmpeg -i bambi.avi -i pr0n.mkv -filter_complex "[0:v][1:v] interleave" out.avi
@end example

@item
Add flickering blur effect:
@example
select='if(gt(random(0), 0.2), 1, 2)':n=2 [tmp], boxblur=2:2, [tmp] interleave
@end example
@end itemize

@section perms, aperms

Set read/write permissions for the output frames.

These filters are mainly aimed at developers to test direct path in the
following filter in the filtergraph.

The filters accept the following options:

@table @option
@item mode
Select the permissions mode.

It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item none
Do nothing. This is the default.
@item ro
Set all the output frames read-only.
@item rw
Set all the output frames directly writable.
@item toggle
Make the frame read-only if writable, and writable if read-only.
@item random
Set each output frame read-only or writable randomly.
@end table

@item seed
Set the seed for the @var{random} mode, must be an integer included between
@code{0} and @code{UINT32_MAX}. If not specified, or if explicitly set to
@code{-1}, the filter will try to use a good random seed on a best effort
basis.
@end table

Note: in case of auto-inserted filter between the permission filter and the
following one, the permission might not be received as expected in that
following filter. Inserting a @ref{format} or @ref{aformat} filter before the
perms/aperms filter can avoid this problem.

@section select, aselect

Select frames to pass in output.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item expr, e
Set expression, which is evaluated for each input frame.

If the expression is evaluated to zero, the frame is discarded.

If the evaluation result is negative or NaN, the frame is sent to the
first output; otherwise it is sent to the output with index
@code{ceil(val)-1}, assuming that the input index starts from 0.

For example a value of @code{1.2} corresponds to the output with index
@code{ceil(1.2)-1 = 2-1 = 1}, that is the second output.

@item outputs, n
Set the number of outputs. The output to which to send the selected
frame is based on the result of the evaluation. Default value is 1.
@end table

The expression can contain the following constants:

@table @option
@item n
the sequential number of the filtered frame, starting from 0

@item selected_n
the sequential number of the selected frame, starting from 0

@item prev_selected_n
the sequential number of the last selected frame, NAN if undefined

@item TB
timebase of the input timestamps

@item pts
the PTS (Presentation TimeStamp) of the filtered video frame,
expressed in @var{TB} units, NAN if undefined

@item t
the PTS (Presentation TimeStamp) of the filtered video frame,
expressed in seconds, NAN if undefined

@item prev_pts
the PTS of the previously filtered video frame, NAN if undefined

@item prev_selected_pts
the PTS of the last previously filtered video frame, NAN if undefined

@item prev_selected_t
the PTS of the last previously selected video frame, NAN if undefined

@item start_pts
the PTS of the first video frame in the video, NAN if undefined

@item start_t
the time of the first video frame in the video, NAN if undefined

@item pict_type @emph{(video only)}
the type of the filtered frame, can assume one of the following
values:
@table @option
@item I
@item P
@item B
@item S
@item SI
@item SP
@item BI
@end table

@item interlace_type @emph{(video only)}
the frame interlace type, can assume one of the following values:
@table @option
@item PROGRESSIVE
the frame is progressive (not interlaced)
@item TOPFIRST
the frame is top-field-first
@item BOTTOMFIRST
the frame is bottom-field-first
@end table

@item consumed_sample_n @emph{(audio only)}
the number of selected samples before the current frame

@item samples_n @emph{(audio only)}
the number of samples in the current frame

@item sample_rate @emph{(audio only)}
the input sample rate

@item key
1 if the filtered frame is a key-frame, 0 otherwise

@item pos
the position in the file of the filtered frame, -1 if the information
is not available (e.g. for synthetic video)

@item scene @emph{(video only)}
value between 0 and 1 to indicate a new scene; a low value reflects a low
probability for the current frame to introduce a new scene, while a higher
value means the current frame is more likely to be one (see the example below)

@end table

The default value of the select expression is "1".

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Select all frames in input:
@example
select
@end example

The example above is the same as:
@example
select=1
@end example

@item
Skip all frames:
@example
select=0
@end example

@item
Select only I-frames:
@example
select='eq(pict_type\,I)'
@end example

@item
Select one frame every 100:
@example
select='not(mod(n\,100))'
@end example

@item
Select only frames contained in the 10-20 time interval:
@example
select=between(t\,10\,20)
@end example

@item
Select only I frames contained in the 10-20 time interval:
@example
select=between(t\,10\,20)*eq(pict_type\,I)
@end example

@item
Select frames with a minimum distance of 10 seconds:
@example
select='isnan(prev_selected_t)+gte(t-prev_selected_t\,10)'
@end example

@item
Use aselect to select only audio frames with samples number > 100:
@example
aselect='gt(samples_n\,100)'
@end example

@item
Create a mosaic of the first scenes:
@example
ffmpeg -i video.avi -vf select='gt(scene\,0.4)',scale=160:120,tile -frames:v 1 preview.png
@end example

Comparing @var{scene} against a value between 0.3 and 0.5 is generally a sane
choice.

@item
Send even and odd frames to separate outputs, and compose them:
@example
select=n=2:e='mod(n, 2)+1' [odd][even]; [odd] pad=h=2*ih [tmp]; [tmp][even] overlay=y=h
@end example
@end itemize

@section sendcmd, asendcmd

Send commands to filters in the filtergraph.

These filters read commands to be sent to other filters in the
filtergraph.

@code{sendcmd} must be inserted between two video filters,
@code{asendcmd} must be inserted between two audio filters, but apart
from that they act the same way.

The specification of commands can be provided in the filter arguments
with the @var{commands} option, or in a file specified by the
@var{filename} option.

These filters accept the following options:
@table @option
@item commands, c
Set the commands to be read and sent to the other filters.
@item filename, f
Set the filename of the commands to be read and sent to the other
filters.
@end table

@subsection Commands syntax

A commands description consists of a sequence of interval
specifications, comprising a list of commands to be executed when a
particular event related to that interval occurs. The occurring event
is typically the current frame time entering or leaving a given time
interval.

An interval is specified by the following syntax:
@example
@var{START}[-@var{END}] @var{COMMANDS};
@end example

The time interval is specified by the @var{START} and @var{END} times.
@var{END} is optional and defaults to the maximum time.

The current frame time is considered within the specified interval if
it is included in the interval [@var{START}, @var{END}), that is when
the time is greater or equal to @var{START} and is lesser than
@var{END}.

@var{COMMANDS} consists of a sequence of one or more command
specifications, separated by ",", relating to that interval.  The
syntax of a command specification is given by:
@example
[@var{FLAGS}] @var{TARGET} @var{COMMAND} @var{ARG}
@end example

@var{FLAGS} is optional and specifies the type of events relating to
the time interval which enable sending the specified command, and must
be a non-null sequence of identifier flags separated by "+" or "|" and
enclosed between "[" and "]".

The following flags are recognized:
@table @option
@item enter
The command is sent when the current frame timestamp enters the
specified interval. In other words, the command is sent when the
previous frame timestamp was not in the given interval, and the
current is.

@item leave
The command is sent when the current frame timestamp leaves the
specified interval. In other words, the command is sent when the
previous frame timestamp was in the given interval, and the
current is not.
@end table

If @var{FLAGS} is not specified, a default value of @code{[enter]} is
assumed.

@var{TARGET} specifies the target of the command, usually the name of
the filter class or a specific filter instance name.

@var{COMMAND} specifies the name of the command for the target filter.

@var{ARG} is optional and specifies the optional list of argument for
the given @var{COMMAND}.

Between one interval specification and another, whitespaces, or
sequences of characters starting with @code{#} until the end of line,
are ignored and can be used to annotate comments.

A simplified BNF description of the commands specification syntax
follows:
@example
@var{COMMAND_FLAG}  ::= "enter" | "leave"
@var{COMMAND_FLAGS} ::= @var{COMMAND_FLAG} [(+|"|")@var{COMMAND_FLAG}]
@var{COMMAND}       ::= ["[" @var{COMMAND_FLAGS} "]"] @var{TARGET} @var{COMMAND} [@var{ARG}]
@var{COMMANDS}      ::= @var{COMMAND} [,@var{COMMANDS}]
@var{INTERVAL}      ::= @var{START}[-@var{END}] @var{COMMANDS}
@var{INTERVALS}     ::= @var{INTERVAL}[;@var{INTERVALS}]
@end example

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Specify audio tempo change at second 4:
@example
asendcmd=c='4.0 atempo tempo 1.5',atempo
@end example

@item
Specify a list of drawtext and hue commands in a file.
@example
# show text in the interval 5-10
5.0-10.0 [enter] drawtext reinit 'fontfile=FreeSerif.ttf:text=hello world',
         [leave] drawtext reinit 'fontfile=FreeSerif.ttf:text=';

# desaturate the image in the interval 15-20
15.0-20.0 [enter] hue s 0,
          [enter] drawtext reinit 'fontfile=FreeSerif.ttf:text=nocolor',
          [leave] hue s 1,
          [leave] drawtext reinit 'fontfile=FreeSerif.ttf:text=color';

# apply an exponential saturation fade-out effect, starting from time 25
25 [enter] hue s exp(25-t)
@end example

A filtergraph allowing to read and process the above command list
stored in a file @file{test.cmd}, can be specified with:
@example
sendcmd=f=test.cmd,drawtext=fontfile=FreeSerif.ttf:text='',hue
@end example
@end itemize

@anchor{setpts}
@section setpts, asetpts

Change the PTS (presentation timestamp) of the input frames.

@code{setpts} works on video frames, @code{asetpts} on audio frames.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item expr
The expression which is evaluated for each frame to construct its timestamp.

@end table

The expression is evaluated through the eval API and can contain the following
constants:

@table @option
@item FRAME_RATE
frame rate, only defined for constant frame-rate video

@item PTS
the presentation timestamp in input

@item N
the count of the input frame for video or the number of consumed samples,
not including the current frame for audio, starting from 0.

@item NB_CONSUMED_SAMPLES
the number of consumed samples, not including the current frame (only
audio)

@item NB_SAMPLES, S
the number of samples in the current frame (only audio)

@item SAMPLE_RATE, SR
audio sample rate

@item STARTPTS
the PTS of the first frame

@item STARTT
the time in seconds of the first frame

@item INTERLACED
tell if the current frame is interlaced

@item T
the time in seconds of the current frame

@item POS
original position in the file of the frame, or undefined if undefined
for the current frame

@item PREV_INPTS
previous input PTS

@item PREV_INT
previous input time in seconds

@item PREV_OUTPTS
previous output PTS

@item PREV_OUTT
previous output time in seconds

@item RTCTIME
wallclock (RTC) time in microseconds. This is deprecated, use time(0)
instead.

@item RTCSTART
wallclock (RTC) time at the start of the movie in microseconds

@item TB
timebase of the input timestamps

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Start counting PTS from zero
@example
setpts=PTS-STARTPTS
@end example

@item
Apply fast motion effect:
@example
setpts=0.5*PTS
@end example

@item
Apply slow motion effect:
@example
setpts=2.0*PTS
@end example

@item
Set fixed rate of 25 frames per second:
@example
setpts=N/(25*TB)
@end example

@item
Set fixed rate 25 fps with some jitter:
@example
setpts='1/(25*TB) * (N + 0.05 * sin(N*2*PI/25))'
@end example

@item
Apply an offset of 10 seconds to the input PTS:
@example
setpts=PTS+10/TB
@end example

@item
Generate timestamps from a "live source" and rebase onto the current timebase:
@example
setpts='(RTCTIME - RTCSTART) / (TB * 1000000)'
@end example

@item
Generate timestamps by counting samples:
@example
asetpts=N/SR/TB
@end example

@end itemize

@section settb, asettb

Set the timebase to use for the output frames timestamps.
It is mainly useful for testing timebase configuration.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option

@item expr, tb
The expression which is evaluated into the output timebase.

@end table

The value for @option{tb} is an arithmetic expression representing a
rational. The expression can contain the constants "AVTB" (the default
timebase), "intb" (the input timebase) and "sr" (the sample rate,
audio only). Default value is "intb".

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Set the timebase to 1/25:
@example
settb=expr=1/25
@end example

@item
Set the timebase to 1/10:
@example
settb=expr=0.1
@end example

@item
Set the timebase to 1001/1000:
@example
settb=1+0.001
@end example

@item
Set the timebase to 2*intb:
@example
settb=2*intb
@end example

@item
Set the default timebase value:
@example
settb=AVTB
@end example
@end itemize

@section showspectrum

Convert input audio to a video output, representing the audio frequency
spectrum.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item size, s
Specify the video size for the output. For the syntax of this option, check
the "Video size" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. Default value is
@code{640x512}.

@item slide
Specify if the spectrum should slide along the window. Default value is
@code{0}.

@item mode
Specify display mode.

It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item combined
all channels are displayed in the same row
@item separate
all channels are displayed in separate rows
@end table

Default value is @samp{combined}.

@item color
Specify display color mode.

It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item channel
each channel is displayed in a separate color
@item intensity
each channel is is displayed using the same color scheme
@end table

Default value is @samp{channel}.

@item scale
Specify scale used for calculating intensity color values.

It accepts the following values:
@table @samp
@item lin
linear
@item sqrt
square root, default
@item cbrt
cubic root
@item log
logarithmic
@end table

Default value is @samp{sqrt}.

@item saturation
Set saturation modifier for displayed colors. Negative values provide
alternative color scheme. @code{0} is no saturation at all.
Saturation must be in [-10.0, 10.0] range.
Default value is @code{1}.
@end table

The usage is very similar to the showwaves filter; see the examples in that
section.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Large window with logarithmic color scaling:
@example
showspectrum=s=1280x480:scale=log
@end example

@item
Complete example for a colored and sliding spectrum per channel using @command{ffplay}:
@example
ffplay -f lavfi 'amovie=input.mp3, asplit [a][out1];
             [a] showspectrum=mode=separate:color=intensity:slide=1:scale=cbrt [out0]'
@end example
@end itemize

@section showwaves

Convert input audio to a video output, representing the samples waves.

The filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item size, s
Specify the video size for the output. For the syntax of this option, check
the "Video size" section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. Default value
is "600x240".

@item mode
Set display mode.

Available values are:
@table @samp
@item point
Draw a point for each sample.

@item line
Draw a vertical line for each sample.
@end table

Default value is @code{point}.

@item n
Set the number of samples which are printed on the same column. A
larger value will decrease the frame rate. Must be a positive
integer. This option can be set only if the value for @var{rate}
is not explicitly specified.

@item rate, r
Set the (approximate) output frame rate. This is done by setting the
option @var{n}. Default value is "25".

@end table

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Output the input file audio and the corresponding video representation
at the same time:
@example
amovie=a.mp3,asplit[out0],showwaves[out1]
@end example

@item
Create a synthetic signal and show it with showwaves, forcing a
frame rate of 30 frames per second:
@example
aevalsrc=sin(1*2*PI*t)*sin(880*2*PI*t):cos(2*PI*200*t),asplit[out0],showwaves=r=30[out1]
@end example
@end itemize

@section split, asplit

Split input into several identical outputs.

@code{asplit} works with audio input, @code{split} with video.

The filter accepts a single parameter which specifies the number of outputs. If
unspecified, it defaults to 2.

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Create two separate outputs from the same input:
@example
[in] split [out0][out1]
@end example

@item
To create 3 or more outputs, you need to specify the number of
outputs, like in:
@example
[in] asplit=3 [out0][out1][out2]
@end example

@item
Create two separate outputs from the same input, one cropped and
one padded:
@example
[in] split [splitout1][splitout2];
[splitout1] crop=100:100:0:0    [cropout];
[splitout2] pad=200:200:100:100 [padout];
@end example

@item
Create 5 copies of the input audio with @command{ffmpeg}:
@example
ffmpeg -i INPUT -filter_complex asplit=5 OUTPUT
@end example
@end itemize

@section zmq, azmq

Receive commands sent through a libzmq client, and forward them to
filters in the filtergraph.

@code{zmq} and @code{azmq} work as a pass-through filters. @code{zmq}
must be inserted between two video filters, @code{azmq} between two
audio filters.

To enable these filters you need to install the libzmq library and
headers and configure FFmpeg with @code{--enable-libzmq}.

For more information about libzmq see:
@url{http://www.zeromq.org/}

The @code{zmq} and @code{azmq} filters work as a libzmq server, which
receives messages sent through a network interface defined by the
@option{bind_address} option.

The received message must be in the form:
@example
@var{TARGET} @var{COMMAND} [@var{ARG}]
@end example

@var{TARGET} specifies the target of the command, usually the name of
the filter class or a specific filter instance name.

@var{COMMAND} specifies the name of the command for the target filter.

@var{ARG} is optional and specifies the optional argument list for the
given @var{COMMAND}.

Upon reception, the message is processed and the corresponding command
is injected into the filtergraph. Depending on the result, the filter
will send a reply to the client, adopting the format:
@example
@var{ERROR_CODE} @var{ERROR_REASON}
@var{MESSAGE}
@end example

@var{MESSAGE} is optional.

@subsection Examples

Look at @file{tools/zmqsend} for an example of a zmq client which can
be used to send commands processed by these filters.

Consider the following filtergraph generated by @command{ffplay}
@example
ffplay -dumpgraph 1 -f lavfi "
color=s=100x100:c=red  [l];
color=s=100x100:c=blue [r];
nullsrc=s=200x100, zmq [bg];
[bg][l]   overlay      [bg+l];
[bg+l][r] overlay=x=100 "
@end example

To change the color of the left side of the video, the following
command can be used:
@example
echo Parsed_color_0 c yellow | tools/zmqsend
@end example

To change the right side:
@example
echo Parsed_color_1 c pink | tools/zmqsend
@end example

@c man end MULTIMEDIA FILTERS

@chapter Multimedia Sources
@c man begin MULTIMEDIA SOURCES

Below is a description of the currently available multimedia sources.

@section amovie

This is the same as @ref{movie} source, except it selects an audio
stream by default.

@anchor{movie}
@section movie

Read audio and/or video stream(s) from a movie container.

This filter accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item filename
The name of the resource to read (not necessarily a file but also a device or a
stream accessed through some protocol).

@item format_name, f
Specifies the format assumed for the movie to read, and can be either
the name of a container or an input device. If not specified the
format is guessed from @var{movie_name} or by probing.

@item seek_point, sp
Specifies the seek point in seconds, the frames will be output
starting from this seek point, the parameter is evaluated with
@code{av_strtod} so the numerical value may be suffixed by an IS
postfix. Default value is "0".

@item streams, s
Specifies the streams to read. Several streams can be specified,
separated by "+". The source will then have as many outputs, in the
same order. The syntax is explained in the ``Stream specifiers''
section in the ffmpeg manual. Two special names, "dv" and "da" specify
respectively the default (best suited) video and audio stream. Default
is "dv", or "da" if the filter is called as "amovie".

@item stream_index, si
Specifies the index of the video stream to read. If the value is -1,
the best suited video stream will be automatically selected. Default
value is "-1". Deprecated. If the filter is called "amovie", it will select
audio instead of video.

@item loop
Specifies how many times to read the stream in sequence.
If the value is less than 1, the stream will be read again and again.
Default value is "1".

Note that when the movie is looped the source timestamps are not
changed, so it will generate non monotonically increasing timestamps.
@end table

This filter allows to overlay a second video on top of main input of
a filtergraph as shown in this graph:
@example
input -----------> deltapts0 --> overlay --> output
                                    ^
                                    |
movie --> scale--> deltapts1 -------+
@end example

@subsection Examples

@itemize
@item
Skip 3.2 seconds from the start of the avi file in.avi, and overlay it
on top of the input labelled as "in":
@example
movie=in.avi:seek_point=3.2, scale=180:-1, setpts=PTS-STARTPTS [over];
[in] setpts=PTS-STARTPTS [main];
[main][over] overlay=16:16 [out]
@end example

@item
Read from a video4linux2 device, and overlay it on top of the input
labelled as "in":
@example
movie=/dev/video0:f=video4linux2, scale=180:-1, setpts=PTS-STARTPTS [over];
[in] setpts=PTS-STARTPTS [main];
[main][over] overlay=16:16 [out]
@end example

@item
Read the first video stream and the audio stream with id 0x81 from
dvd.vob; the video is connected to the pad named "video" and the audio is
connected to the pad named "audio":
@example
movie=dvd.vob:s=v:0+#0x81 [video] [audio]
@end example
@end itemize

@c man end MULTIMEDIA SOURCES
