/*
 File: ConcurrentReaderHashMap

 Written by Doug Lea. Adapted and released, under explicit
 permission, from JDK1.2 HashMap.java and Hashtable.java which
 carries the following copyright:

 Copyright 1997 by Sun Microsystems, Inc.,
 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, California, 94303, U.S.A.
 All rights reserved.
 
 This software is the confidential and proprietary information
 of Sun Microsystems, Inc. ("Confidential Information").  You
 shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall use
 it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement
 you entered into with Sun.

 History:
 Date       Who              What
 28oct1999  dl               Created
 14dec1999  dl               jmm snapshot
 19apr2000  dl               use barrierLock
 12jan2001  dl               public release
 17nov2001  dl               Minor tunings
 20may2002  dl               BarrierLock can now be serialized.
 09dec2002  dl               Fix interference checks.
 */

package EDU.oswego.cs.dl.util.concurrent;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.AbstractMap;
import java.util.AbstractSet;
import java.util.AbstractCollection;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * A version of Hashtable that supports mostly-concurrent reading, but exclusive
 * writing. Because reads are not limited to periods without writes, a
 * concurrent reader policy is weaker than a classic reader/writer policy, but
 * is generally faster and allows more concurrency. This class is a good choice
 * especially for tables that are mainly created by one thread during the
 * start-up phase of a program, and from then on, are mainly read (with perhaps
 * occasional additions or removals) in many threads. If you also need
 * concurrency among writes, consider instead using ConcurrentHashMap.
 * <p>
 *
 * Successful retrievals using get(key) and containsKey(key) usually run without
 * locking. Unsuccessful ones (i.e., when the key is not present) do involve
 * brief synchronization (locking). Also, the size and isEmpty methods are
 * always synchronized.
 *
 * <p>
 * Because retrieval operations can ordinarily overlap with writing operations
 * (i.e., put, remove, and their derivatives), retrievals can only be guaranteed
 * to return the results of the most recently <em>completed</em> operations
 * holding upon their onset. Retrieval operations may or may not return results
 * reflecting in-progress writing operations. However, the retrieval operations
 * do always return consistent results -- either those holding before any single
 * modification or after it, but never a nonsense result. For aggregate
 * operations such as putAll and clear, concurrent reads may reflect insertion
 * or removal of only some entries. In those rare contexts in which you use a
 * hash table to synchronize operations across threads (for example, to prevent
 * reads until after clears), you should either encase operations in
 * synchronized blocks, or instead use java.util.Hashtable.
 *
 * <p>
 *
 * This class also supports optional guaranteed exclusive reads, simply by
 * surrounding a call within a synchronized block, as in <br>
 * <code>ConcurrentReaderHashMap t; ... Object v; <br>
 * synchronized(t) { v = t.get(k); } </code> <br>
 *
 * But this is not usually necessary in practice. For example, it is generally
 * inefficient to write:
 *
 * <pre>
 *    ConcurrentReaderHashMap t; ...            // Inefficient version
 *    Object key; ...
 *    Object value; ...
 *    synchronized(t) {
 *      if (!t.containsKey(key))
 *        t.put(key, value);
 *        // other code if not previously present
 *      }
 *      else {
 *        // other code if it was previously present
 *      }
 *    }
 * </pre>
 *
 * Instead, if the values are intended to be the same in each case, just take
 * advantage of the fact that put returns null if the key was not previously
 * present:
 *
 * <pre>
 *    ConcurrentReaderHashMap t; ...                // Use this instead
 *    Object key; ...
 *    Object value; ...
 *    Object oldValue = t.put(key, value);
 *    if (oldValue == null) {
 *      // other code if not previously present
 *    }
 *    else {
 *      // other code if it was previously present
 *    }
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>
 *
 * Iterators and Enumerations (i.e., those returned by keySet().iterator(),
 * entrySet().iterator(), values().iterator(), keys(), and elements()) return
 * elements reflecting the state of the hash table at some point at or since the
 * creation of the iterator/enumeration. They will return at most one instance
 * of each element (via next()/nextElement()), but might or might not reflect
 * puts and removes that have been processed since they were created. They do
 * <em>not</em> throw ConcurrentModificationException. However, these
 * iterators are designed to be used by only one thread at a time. Sharing an
 * iterator across multiple threads may lead to unpredictable results if the
 * table is being concurrently modified. Again, you can ensure interference-free
 * iteration by enclosing the iteration in a synchronized block.
 * <p>
 *
 * This class may be used as a direct replacement for any use of
 * java.util.Hashtable that does not depend on readers being blocked during
 * updates. Like Hashtable but unlike java.util.HashMap, this class does NOT
 * allow <tt>null</tt> to be used as a key or value. This class is also
 * typically faster than ConcurrentHashMap when there is usually only one thread
 * updating the table, but possibly many retrieving values from it.
 * <p>
 *
 * Implementation note: A slightly faster implementation of this class will be
 * possible once planned Java Memory Model revisions are in place.
 *
 * <p>[<a
 * href="http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/classes/EDU/oswego/cs/dl/util/concurrent/intro.html">
 * Introduction to this package. </a>]
 */
public class ConcurrentReaderHashMap extends AbstractMap implements Map,
        Cloneable, Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    /*
     * The basic strategy is an optimistic-style scheme based on the guarantee
     * that the hash table and its lists are always kept in a consistent enough
     * state to be read without locking:
     *
     * Read operations first proceed without locking, by traversing the
     * apparently correct list of the apparently correct bin. If an entry is
     * found, but not invalidated (value field null), it is returned. If not
     * found, operations must recheck (after a memory barrier) to make sure they
     * are using both the right list and the right table (which can change under
     * resizes). If invalidated, reads must acquire main update lock to wait out
     * the update, and then re-traverse.
     *
     * All list additions are at the front of each bin, making it easy to check
     * changes, and also fast to traverse. Entry next pointers are never
     * assigned. Remove() builds new nodes when necessary to preserve this.
     *
     * Remove() (also clear()) invalidates removed nodes to alert read
     * operations that they must wait out the full modifications.
     *
     */

    /** A Serializable class for barrier lock * */
    protected static class BarrierLock implements java.io.Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    }

    /**
     * Lock used only for its memory effects.
     */
    protected final BarrierLock barrierLock = new BarrierLock();

    /**
     * field written to only to guarantee lock ordering.
     */

    protected transient Object lastWrite;

    /**
     * Force a memory synchronization that will cause all readers to see table.
     * Call only when already holding main synch lock.
     */
    protected final void recordModification(Object x) {
        synchronized (barrierLock) {
            lastWrite = x;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get ref to table; the reference and the cells it accesses will be at
     * least as fresh as from last use of barrierLock
     */
    protected final Entry[] getTableForReading() {
        synchronized (barrierLock) {
            return table;
        }
    }

    /**
     * The default initial number of table slots for this table (32). Used when
     * not otherwise specified in constructor.
     */
    public static int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 32;

    /**
     * The minimum capacity, used if a lower value is implicitly specified by
     * either of the constructors with arguments. MUST be a power of two.
     */
    private static final int MINIMUM_CAPACITY = 4;

    /**
     * The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified by
     * either of the constructors with arguments. MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.
     */
    private static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;

    /**
     * The default load factor for this table (1.0). Used when not otherwise
     * specified in constructor.
     */

    public static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;

    /**
     * The hash table data.
     */
    protected transient Entry[] table;

    /**
     * The total number of mappings in the hash table.
     */
    protected transient int count;

    /**
     * The table is rehashed when its size exceeds this threshold. (The value of
     * this field is always (int)(capacity * loadFactor).)
     *
     * @serial
     */
    protected int threshold;

    /**
     * The load factor for the hash table.
     *
     * @serial
     */
    protected float loadFactor;

    /**
     * Returns the appropriate capacity (power of two) for the specified initial
     * capacity argument.
     */
    private int p2capacity(int initialCapacity) {
        int cap = initialCapacity;

        // Compute the appropriate capacity
        int result;
        if (cap > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY || cap < 0) {
            result = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        } else {
            result = MINIMUM_CAPACITY;
            while (result < cap)
                result <<= 1;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Return hash code for Object x. Since we are using power-of-two tables, it
     * is worth the effort to improve hashcode via the same multiplicative
     * scheme as used in IdentityHashMap.
     */
    private static int hash(Object x) {
        int h = x.hashCode();
        // Multiply by 127 (quickly, via shifts), and mix in some high
        // bits to help guard against bunching of codes that are
        // consecutive or equally spaced.
        return ((h << 7) - h + (h >>> 9) + (h >>> 17));
    }

    /**
     * Check for equality of non-null references x and y.
     */
    protected boolean eq(Object x, Object y) {
        return x == y || x.equals(y);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity and the
     * specified load factor.
     *
     * @param initialCapacity
     *            the initial capacity The actual initial capacity is rounded to
     *            the nearest power of two.
     * @param loadFactor
     *            the load factor of the ConcurrentReaderHashMap
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if the initial maximum number of elements is less than zero,
     *             or if the load factor is nonpositive.
     */

    public ConcurrentReaderHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (loadFactor <= 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Load factor: "
                    + loadFactor);
        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;

        int cap = p2capacity(initialCapacity);

        table = new Entry[cap];
        threshold = (int) (cap * loadFactor);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity and
     * default load factor.
     *
     * @param initialCapacity
     *            the initial capacity of the ConcurrentReaderHashMap.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if the initial maximum number of elements is less than zero.
     */

    public ConcurrentReaderHashMap(int initialCapacity) {
        this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty map with a default initial capacity and load
     * factor.
     */

    public ConcurrentReaderHashMap() {
        this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new map with the same mappings as the given map. The map is
     * created with a capacity of twice the number of mappings in the given map
     * or 16 (whichever is greater), and a default load factor.
     */

    public ConcurrentReaderHashMap(Map t) {
        this(Math.max((int) (t.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1, 16),
                DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
        putAll(t);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
     *
     * @return the number of key-value mappings in this map.
     */

    public synchronized int size() {
        return count;
    }

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains no key-value mappings.
     *
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map contains no key-value mappings.
     */

    public synchronized boolean isEmpty() {
        return count == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped in this table.
     *
     * @param key
     *            a key in the table.
     * @return the value to which the key is mapped in this table;
     *         <code>null</code> if the key is not mapped to any value in this
     *         table.
     * @exception NullPointerException
     *                if the key is <code>null</code>.
     * @see #put(Object, Object)
     */

    public Object get(Object key) {

        // throw null pointer exception if key null
        int hash = hash(key);

        /*
         * Start off at the apparently correct bin. If entry is found, we need
         * to check after a barrier anyway. If not found, we need a barrier to
         * check if we are actually in right bin. So either way, we encounter
         * only one barrier unless we need to retry. And we only need to fully
         * synchronize if there have been concurrent modifications.
         */

        Entry[] tab = table;
        int index = hash & (tab.length - 1);
        Entry first = tab[index];
        Entry e = first;

        for (;;) {
            if (e == null) {

                // If key apparently not there, check to
                // make sure this was a valid read

                Entry[] reread = getTableForReading();
                if (tab == reread && first == tab[index])
                    return null;
                else {
                    // Wrong list -- must restart traversal at new first
                    tab = reread;
                    e = first = tab[index = hash & (tab.length - 1)];
                }

            }

            else if (e.hash == hash && eq(key, e.key)) {
                Object value = e.value;
                if (value != null)
                    return value;

                // Entry was invalidated during deletion. But it could
                // have been re-inserted, so we must retraverse.
                // To avoid useless contention, get lock to wait out
                // modifications
                // before retraversing.

                synchronized (this) {
                    tab = table;
                }
                e = first = tab[index = hash & (tab.length - 1)];

            } else
                e = e.next;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the specified object is a key in this table.
     *
     * @param key
     *            possible key.
     * @return <code>true</code> if and only if the specified object is a key
     *         in this table, as determined by the <tt>equals</tt> method;
     *         <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @exception NullPointerException
     *                if the key is <code>null</code>.
     * @see #contains(Object)
     */

    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
        return get(key) != null;
    }

    /**
     * Maps the specified <code>key</code> to the specified <code>value</code>
     * in this table. Neither the key nor the value can be <code>null</code>.
     * <p>
     *
     * The value can be retrieved by calling the <code>get</code> method with
     * a key that is equal to the original key.
     *
     * @param key
     *            the table key.
     * @param value
     *            the value.
     * @return the previous value of the specified key in this table, or
     *         <code>null</code> if it did not have one.
     * @exception NullPointerException
     *                if the key or value is <code>null</code>.
     * @see Object#equals(Object)
     * @see #get(Object)
     */

    public Object put(Object key, Object value) {
        if (value == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();

        int hash = hash(key);
        Entry[] tab = table;
        int index = hash & (tab.length - 1);
        Entry first = tab[index];
        Entry e;

        for (e = first; e != null; e = e.next)
            if (e.hash == hash && eq(key, e.key))
                break;

        synchronized (this) {
            if (tab == table) {
                if (e == null) {
                    // make sure we are adding to correct list
                    if (first == tab[index]) {
                        // Add to front of list
                        Entry newEntry = new Entry(hash, key, value, first);
                        tab[index] = newEntry;
                        if (++count >= threshold)
                            rehash();
                        else
                            recordModification(newEntry);
                        return null;
                    }
                } else {
                    Object oldValue = e.value;
                    if (first == tab[index] && oldValue != null) {
                        e.value = value;
                        return oldValue;
                    }
                }
            }

            // retry if wrong list or lost race against concurrent remove
            return sput(key, value, hash);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Continuation of put(), called only when synch lock is held and
     * interference has been detected.
     */
    protected Object sput(Object key, Object value, int hash) {

        Entry[] tab = table;
        int index = hash & (tab.length - 1);
        Entry first = tab[index];
        Entry e = first;

        for (;;) {
            if (e == null) {
                Entry newEntry = new Entry(hash, key, value, first);
                tab[index] = newEntry;
                if (++count >= threshold)
                    rehash();
                else
                    recordModification(newEntry);
                return null;
            } else if (e.hash == hash && eq(key, e.key)) {
                Object oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                return oldValue;
            } else
                e = e.next;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Rehashes the contents of this map into a new table with a larger
     * capacity. This method is called automatically when the number of keys in
     * this map exceeds its capacity and load factor.
     */
    protected void rehash() {
        Entry[] oldTable = table;
        int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
        if (oldCapacity >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE; // avoid retriggering
            return;
        }

        int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;
        int mask = newCapacity - 1;
        threshold = (int) (newCapacity * loadFactor);

        Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity];
        /*
         * Reclassify nodes in each list to new Map. Because we are using
         * power-of-two expansion, the elements from each bin must either stay
         * at same index, or move to oldCapacity+index. We also eliminate
         * unnecessary node creation by catching cases where old nodes can be
         * reused because their next fields won't change. Statistically, at the
         * default threshhold, only about one-sixth of them need cloning. (The
         * nodes they replace will be garbage collectable as soon as they are no
         * longer referenced by any reader thread that may be in the midst of
         * traversing table right now.)
         */

        for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity; i++) {
            // We need to guarantee that any existing reads of old Map can
            // proceed. So we cannot yet null out each bin.
            Entry e = oldTable[i];

            if (e != null) {
                int idx = e.hash & mask;
                Entry next = e.next;

                // Single node on list
                if (next == null)
                    newTable[idx] = e;

                else {
                    // Reuse trailing consecutive sequence of all same bit
                    Entry lastRun = e;
                    int lastIdx = idx;
                    for (Entry last = next; last != null; last = last.next) {
                        int k = last.hash & mask;
                        if (k != lastIdx) {
                            lastIdx = k;
                            lastRun = last;
                        }
                    }
                    newTable[lastIdx] = lastRun;

                    // Clone all remaining nodes
                    for (Entry p = e; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
                        int k = p.hash & mask;
                        newTable[k] = new Entry(p.hash, p.key, p.value,
                                newTable[k]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        table = newTable;
        recordModification(newTable);
    }

    /**
     * Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this table. This
     * method does nothing if the key is not in the table.
     *
     * @param key
     *            the key that needs to be removed.
     * @return the value to which the key had been mapped in this table, or
     *         <code>null</code> if the key did not have a mapping.
     * @exception NullPointerException
     *                if the key is <code>null</code>.
     */

    public Object remove(Object key) {
        /*
         * Find the entry, then 1. Set value field to null, to force get() to
         * retry 2. Rebuild the list without this entry. All entries following
         * removed node can stay in list, but all preceeding ones need to be
         * cloned. Traversals rely on this strategy to ensure that elements will
         * not be repeated during iteration.
         */

        int hash = hash(key);
        Entry[] tab = table;
        int index = hash & (tab.length - 1);
        Entry first = tab[index];
        Entry e = first;

        for (e = first; e != null; e = e.next)
            if (e.hash == hash && eq(key, e.key))
                break;

        synchronized (this) {
            if (tab == table) {
                if (e == null) {
                    if (first == tab[index])
                        return null;
                } else {
                    Object oldValue = e.value;
                    if (first == tab[index] && oldValue != null) {
                        e.value = null;
                        count--;

                        Entry head = e.next;
                        for (Entry p = first; p != e; p = p.next)
                            head = new Entry(p.hash, p.key, p.value, head);

                        tab[index] = head;
                        recordModification(head);
                        return oldValue;
                    }
                }
            }

            // Wrong list or interference
            return sremove(key, hash);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Continuation of remove(), called only when synch lock is held and
     * interference has been detected.
     */

    protected Object sremove(Object key, int hash) {
        Entry[] tab = table;
        int index = hash & (tab.length - 1);
        Entry first = tab[index];

        for (Entry e = first; e != null; e = e.next) {
            if (e.hash == hash && eq(key, e.key)) {
                Object oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = null;
                count--;
                Entry head = e.next;
                for (Entry p = first; p != e; p = p.next)
                    head = new Entry(p.hash, p.key, p.value, head);

                tab[index] = head;
                recordModification(head);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
     * specified value. Note: This method requires a full internal traversal of
     * the hash table, and so is much slower than method <tt>containsKey</tt>.
     *
     * @param value
     *            value whose presence in this map is to be tested.
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
     *         specified value.
     * @exception NullPointerException
     *                if the value is <code>null</code>.
     */

    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
        if (value == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();

        Entry tab[] = getTableForReading();

        for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
            for (Entry e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
                if (value.equals(e.value))
                    return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if some key maps into the specified value in this table. This
     * operation is more expensive than the <code>containsKey</code> method.
     * <p>
     *
     * Note that this method is identical in functionality to containsValue,
     * (which is part of the Map interface in the collections framework).
     *
     * @param value
     *            a value to search for.
     * @return <code>true</code> if and only if some key maps to the
     *         <code>value</code> argument in this table as determined by the
     *         <tt>equals</tt> method; <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @exception NullPointerException
     *                if the value is <code>null</code>.
     * @see #containsKey(Object)
     * @see #containsValue(Object)
     * @see Map
     */

    public boolean contains(Object value) {
        return containsValue(value);
    }

    /**
     * Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this one.
     *
     * These mappings replace any mappings that this map had for any of the keys
     * currently in the specified Map.
     *
     * @param t
     *            Mappings to be stored in this map.
     */

    public synchronized void putAll(Map t) {
        int n = t.size();
        if (n == 0)
            return;

        // Expand enough to hold at least n elements without resizing.
        // We can only resize table by factor of two at a time.
        // It is faster to rehash with fewer elements, so do it now.
        while (n >= threshold)
            rehash();

        for (Iterator it = t.entrySet().iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) it.next();
            Object key = entry.getKey();
            Object value = entry.getValue();
            put(key, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Removes all mappings from this map.
     */
    public synchronized void clear() {
        Entry tab[] = table;
        for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {

            // must invalidate all to force concurrent get's to wait and then
            // retry
            for (Entry e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
                e.value = null;

            tab[i] = null;
        }
        count = 0;
        recordModification(tab);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>ConcurrentReaderHashMap</tt>
     * instance: the keys and values themselves are not cloned.
     *
     * @return a shallow copy of this map.
     */

    public synchronized Object clone() {
        try {
            ConcurrentReaderHashMap t = (ConcurrentReaderHashMap) super.clone();

            t.keySet = null;
            t.entrySet = null;
            t.values = null;

            Entry[] tab = table;
            t.table = new Entry[tab.length];
            Entry[] ttab = t.table;

            for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
                Entry first = null;
                for (Entry e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
                    first = new Entry(e.hash, e.key, e.value, first);
                ttab[i] = first;
            }

            return t;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
            throw new InternalError();
        }
    }

    // Views

    protected transient Set keySet = null;

    protected transient Set entrySet = null;

    protected transient Collection values = null;

    /**
     * Returns a set view of the keys contained in this map. The set is backed
     * by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the set, and
     * vice-versa. The set supports element removal, which removes the
     * corresponding mapping from this map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>,
     * <tt>Set.remove</tt>, <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt>, and
     * <tt>clear</tt> operations. It does not support the <tt>add</tt> or
     * <tt>addAll</tt> operations.
     *
     * @return a set view of the keys contained in this map.
     */

    public Set keySet() {
        Set ks = keySet;
        return (ks != null) ? ks : (keySet = new KeySet());
    }

    private class KeySet extends AbstractSet {
        public Iterator iterator() {
            return new KeyIterator();
        }

        public int size() {
            return ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.size();
        }

        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.containsKey(o);
        }

        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            return ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.remove(o) != null;
        }

        public void clear() {
            ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.clear();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a collection view of the values contained in this map. The
     * collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in
     * the collection, and vice-versa. The collection supports element removal,
     * which removes the corresponding mapping from this map, via the
     * <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>, <tt>Collection.remove</tt>,
     * <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt>, and <tt>clear</tt>
     * operations. It does not support the <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt>
     * operations.
     *
     * @return a collection view of the values contained in this map.
     */

    public Collection values() {
        Collection vs = values;
        return (vs != null) ? vs : (values = new Values());
    }

    private class Values extends AbstractCollection {
        public Iterator iterator() {
            return new ValueIterator();
        }

        public int size() {
            return ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.size();
        }

        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.containsValue(o);
        }

        public void clear() {
            ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.clear();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a collection view of the mappings contained in this map. Each
     * element in the returned collection is a <tt>Map.Entry</tt>. The
     * collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in
     * the collection, and vice-versa. The collection supports element removal,
     * which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the
     * <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>, <tt>Collection.remove</tt>,
     * <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt>, and <tt>clear</tt>
     * operations. It does not support the <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt>
     * operations.
     *
     * @return a collection view of the mappings contained in this map.
     */

    public Set entrySet() {
        Set es = entrySet;
        return (es != null) ? es : (entrySet = new EntrySet());
    }

    private class EntrySet extends AbstractSet {
        public Iterator iterator() {
            return new HashIterator();
        }

        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) o;
            Object v = ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.get(entry.getKey());
            return v != null && v.equals(entry.getValue());
        }

        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            return ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this
                    .findAndRemoveEntry((Map.Entry) o);
        }

        public int size() {
            return ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.size();
        }

        public void clear() {
            ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.clear();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Helper method for entrySet.remove
     */
    protected synchronized boolean findAndRemoveEntry(Map.Entry entry) {
        Object key = entry.getKey();
        Object v = get(key);
        if (v != null && v.equals(entry.getValue())) {
            remove(key);
            return true;
        } else
            return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an enumeration of the keys in this table.
     *
     * @return an enumeration of the keys in this table.
     * @see Enumeration
     * @see #elements()
     * @see #keySet()
     * @see Map
     */
    public Enumeration keys() {
        return new KeyIterator();
    }

    /**
     * Returns an enumeration of the values in this table. Use the Enumeration
     * methods on the returned object to fetch the elements sequentially.
     *
     * @return an enumeration of the values in this table.
     * @see java.util.Enumeration
     * @see #keys()
     * @see #values()
     * @see Map
     */

    public Enumeration elements() {
        return new ValueIterator();
    }

    /**
     * ConcurrentReaderHashMap collision list entry.
     */

    protected static class Entry implements Map.Entry {

        /*
         * The use of volatile for value field ensures that we can detect status
         * changes without synchronization. The other fields are never changed,
         * and are marked as final.
         */

        protected final int hash;

        protected final Object key;

        protected final Entry next;

        protected volatile Object value;

        Entry(int hash, Object key, Object value, Entry next) {
            this.hash = hash;
            this.key = key;
            this.next = next;
            this.value = value;
        }

        // Map.Entry Ops

        public Object getKey() {
            return key;
        }

        /**
         * Get the value. Note: In an entrySet or entrySet.iterator, unless the
         * set or iterator is used under synchronization of the table as a whole
         * (or you can otherwise guarantee lack of concurrent modification),
         * <tt>getValue</tt> <em>might</em> return null, reflecting the fact
         * that the entry has been concurrently removed. However, there are no
         * assurances that concurrent removals will be reflected using this
         * method.
         *
         * @return the current value, or null if the entry has been detectably
         *         removed.
         */
        public Object getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        /**
         * Set the value of this entry. Note: In an entrySet or
         * entrySet.iterator), unless the set or iterator is used under
         * synchronization of the table as a whole (or you can otherwise
         * guarantee lack of concurrent modification), <tt>setValue</tt> is
         * not strictly guaranteed to actually replace the value field obtained
         * via the <tt>get</tt> operation of the underlying hash table in
         * multithreaded applications. If iterator-wide synchronization is not
         * used, and any other concurrent <tt>put</tt> or <tt>remove</tt>
         * operations occur, sometimes even to <em>other</em> entries, then
         * this change is not guaranteed to be reflected in the hash table. (It
         * might, or it might not. There are no assurances either way.)
         *
         * @param value
         *            the new value.
         * @return the previous value, or null if entry has been detectably
         *         removed.
         * @exception NullPointerException
         *                if the value is <code>null</code>.
         *
         */

        public Object setValue(Object value) {
            if (value == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            Object oldValue = this.value;
            this.value = value;
            return oldValue;
        }

        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry) o;
            return (key.equals(e.getKey()) && value.equals(e.getValue()));
        }

        public int hashCode() {
            return key.hashCode() ^ value.hashCode();
        }

        public String toString() {
            return key + "=" + value;
        }

    }

    protected class HashIterator implements Iterator, Enumeration {
        protected final Entry[] tab; // snapshot of table

        protected int index; // current slot

        protected Entry entry = null; // current node of slot

        protected Object currentKey; // key for current node

        protected Object currentValue; // value for current node

        protected Entry lastReturned = null; // last node returned by next

        protected HashIterator() {
            tab = ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.getTableForReading();
            index = tab.length - 1;
        }

        public boolean hasMoreElements() {
            return hasNext();
        }

        public Object nextElement() {
            return next();
        }

        public boolean hasNext() {

            /*
             * currentkey and currentValue are set here to ensure that next()
             * returns normally if hasNext() returns true. This avoids surprises
             * especially when final element is removed during traversal --
             * instead, we just ignore the removal during current traversal.
             */

            for (;;) {
                if (entry != null) {
                    Object v = entry.value;
                    if (v != null) {
                        currentKey = entry.key;
                        currentValue = v;
                        return true;
                    } else
                        entry = entry.next;
                }

                while (entry == null && index >= 0)
                    entry = tab[index--];

                if (entry == null) {
                    currentKey = currentValue = null;
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }

        protected Object returnValueOfNext() {
            return entry;
        }

        public Object next() {
            if (currentKey == null && !hasNext())
                throw new NoSuchElementException();

            Object result = returnValueOfNext();
            lastReturned = entry;
            currentKey = currentValue = null;
            entry = entry.next;
            return result;
        }

        public void remove() {
            if (lastReturned == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            ConcurrentReaderHashMap.this.remove(lastReturned.key);
            lastReturned = null;
        }

    }

    protected class KeyIterator extends HashIterator {
        protected Object returnValueOfNext() {
            return currentKey;
        }
    }

    protected class ValueIterator extends HashIterator {
        protected Object returnValueOfNext() {
            return currentValue;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Save the state of the <tt>ConcurrentReaderHashMap</tt> instance to a
     * stream (i.e., serialize it).
     *
     * @serialData The <i>capacity</i> of the ConcurrentReaderHashMap (the
     *             length of the bucket array) is emitted (int), followed by the
     *             <i>size</i> of the ConcurrentReaderHashMap (the number of
     *             key-value mappings), followed by the key (Object) and value
     *             (Object) for each key-value mapping represented by the
     *             ConcurrentReaderHashMap The key-value mappings are emitted in
     *             no particular order.
     */

    private synchronized void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
            throws IOException {
        // Write out the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultWriteObject();

        // Write out number of buckets
        s.writeInt(table.length);

        // Write out size (number of Mappings)
        s.writeInt(count);

        // Write out keys and values (alternating)
        for (int index = table.length - 1; index >= 0; index--) {
            Entry entry = table[index];

            while (entry != null) {
                s.writeObject(entry.key);
                s.writeObject(entry.value);
                entry = entry.next;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reconstitute the <tt>ConcurrentReaderHashMap</tt> instance from a
     * stream (i.e., deserialize it).
     */
    private synchronized void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
            throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        // Read in the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultReadObject();

        // Read in number of buckets and allocate the bucket array;
        int numBuckets = s.readInt();
        table = new Entry[numBuckets];

        // Read in size (number of Mappings)
        int size = s.readInt();

        // Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the table
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            Object key = s.readObject();
            Object value = s.readObject();
            put(key, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Return the number of slots in this table
     */

    public synchronized int capacity() {
        return table.length;
    }

    /**
     * Return the load factor
     */
    public float loadFactor() {
        return loadFactor;
    }
}
